Mycotoxin Occurrence in Milk and Durum Wheat Samples from Tunisia Using Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection
Metadatos
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Hassouna, Khouloud Ben; Hamed, Ahmed M.; Salah-Abbès, Jalila Ben; Chaieb, Kamel; Abbès, Samir; García Campaña, Ana María; Gámiz Gracia, LauraEditorial
MDPI
Materia
Mycotoxins Cereals Milk
Fecha
2023-10-29Referencia bibliográfica
Ben Hassouna, K.; Hamed, A.M.; Salah-Abbès, J.B.; Chaieb, K.; Abbès, S.; García-Campaña, A.M.; Gámiz-Gracia, L. Mycotoxin Occurrence in Milk and Durum Wheat Samples from Tunisia Using Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. Toxins 2023, 15, 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15110633
Patrocinador
Project PID2021-127804OB-I00 funded by Spanish MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”; Project PROYEXCEL_00195 – Andalusia Government; Scholarship offered by the University of Jendouba, Tunisia; Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and Egyptian Government for the postdoctoral grant offered by the Cultural Affairs and Mission Sector (Central Administration of Mission) for the year 2020/2022, grant number PD02-2019Resumen
Food and feed contamination with mycotoxins is a major public health concern. Humans
and animals are exposed to these toxins by consuming contaminated products throughout their lives.
In this study, a method based on dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), followed by
liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD), was validated for the determination
of aflatoxins (AFs) M1, B1, B2, G1, G2, zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A (OTA). The method
was applied to 150 raw cow milk samples and 90 market durum wheat samples from two Tunisian
climatic regions: the littoral region (Mahdia) and the continental region (Béja). This work was carried
out to obtain more surveillance data to support rapid initiatives to assure safe foods and protect
consumer health and to estimate the daily exposure of the Tunisian population consuming those
products. AFG2 and OTA were found in wheat with incidences of 54.4 and 11.1%, respectively. On
the other side, milk samples were contaminated by AFG2, AFB1, and AFB2 with incidences of 8.7%,
2.0%, and 0.67%, respectively. Some of the samples showed OTA concentrations above the maximum
limit allowed by the European Union, which represents a health risk for consumers in Tunisia, where
no legislation exists about the maximum content of mycotoxins in food.