Regressing and progressing metastatic lesions: resistance to immunotherapy is predetermined by irreversible HLA class I antigen alterations

Abstract

Despite the significant efforts to enhance immune reactivity against malignancies the clinical effect of anti-tumor vaccines and cancer immunotherapy is still below expectations. Understanding of the possible causes of such poor clinical outcome has become very important for improvement of the existing cancer treatment modalities. In particular, the critical role of HLA class I antigens in the success of T cell based immunotherapy has led to a growing interest in investigating the expression and function of these molecules in metastatic cancer progression and, especially in response to immunotherapy. In this report, we illustrate that two types of metastatic lesions are commonly generated in response to immunotherapy according to the pattern of HLA class I expression. We found that metastatic lesions, that progress after immunotherapy have low level of HLA class I antigens, while the regressing lesions demonstrate significant upregulation of these molecules. Presumably, immunotherapy changes tumor microenvironment and creates an additional immune selection pressure on tumor cells. As a result, two subtypes of metastatic lesions arise from pre-existing malignant cells: (a) regressors, with upregulated HLA class I expression after therapy, and (b) progressors with resistance to immunotherapy and with low level of HLA class I. Tumor cells with reversible defects (soft lesions) respond to therapy by upregulation of HLA class I expression and regress, while tumor cells with structural irreversible defects (hard lesions) demonstrate resistance to immunostimulation, fail to upregulate HLA class I antigens and eventually progress. These two types of metastases appear independently of type of the immunotherapy used, either non-specific immunomodulators (cytokines or BCG) or autologous tumor vaccination. Similarly, we also detected two types of metastatic colonies in a mouse fibrosarcoma model after in vitro treatment with IFN-gamma. One type of metastases characterized by upregulation of all MHC class I antigens and another type with partial IFN-gamma resistance, namely with lack of expression of L(d)-MHC class I molecule. Our observations may shed new light on the understanding of the mechanisms of tumor escape and might have implications for improvement of the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.