Strategies based on the use of microorganisms for the elimination of pollutants with endocrine-disrupting activity in the environment

Abstract

The continuous contamination of the environment by a high variety of pollutants is an alarming problem worldwide that requires prompt, effective and sustainable solutions. Among these pollutants, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are of special concern due to their persistence and toxicity, interfering with the hormonal homeostasis of humans and wildlife. In addition, conventional physical-chemical treatments are not efficient enough to completely remove EDCs. This review aimed at compiling all the available information about the bioremediation processes capable of transforming EDCs into more environmentally friendly chemicals, focusing on microorganisms, enzymes and fungi. The review outlines the principal sources of EDCs, the problems associated with their presence in the environment, their harmful effects on wildlife, as well as providing an overview of bioremediation as an alternative and efficient strategy for their elimination. The proposed mechanisms to minimize the persistence of EDCs based on the use of microorganisms are described, as well as their potential implementation in wastewater treatment plants. Although the use of bioremediation processes is relatively unexplored, research has shown that microbial communities, enzymes, or fungi are a promising alternative thanks to their ability to efficiently transform EDCs into non-hazardous end products. Aerobic bacteria belonging to the genus Sphingomonas, Achromobacter or Pseudomonas, among others, have proven to be highly effective in the removal of EDCs, such as nonylphenols, bisphenols, and parabens.