Rapid magma ascent beneath La Palma revealed by seismic tomography D’Auria, Luca Prudencio Soñora, Janire Ibáñez Godoy, Jesús Miguel Data availability The seismic catalogue of IGN is publicly available at: https:// www. ign. es/ web/ ign/ portal/ sis- catal ogo- terre motos. The seismic catalogue of INVOLCAN is available under request to Dr. Luca D’Auria (ldauria@iter.es). The LOTOS code is publicly available at: www. ivan- art. com/ scien ce/ LOTOS. An online version of the code with the La Palma dataset is available in: Koulakov Ivan. (2022). Data and program codes to reproduce the results of seismic tomography for La Palma Island [Data set]. Zenodo. https:// doi. org/ 10. 5281/ zenodo. 65893 67. The digital elevation model used in all figures and historical lava flows of Figs. 1 and 3 were downloaded from the public graphic repository of GrafCan (www. grafc an. es). The 2021 lava flow was downloaded from the European agency Copernicus Emergency Management Service (httts://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/ EMSR546). The software used to generate Fig. 1, Figs. S1, S2 and S3 was QGIS 3.22 (https:// www. qgis. org). The software used to generate Figs. 3, 4 and 6, Figs. S4, S5 and S6 is the LOTOS code. Acknowledgements JP and JMI were partially supported by the FEMALE project of the Spanish Government (Grant No. PID2019-106260GB-I00). IK was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 20-17-00075). The INVOLCAN team was supported by the projects VOLRISKMAC II (MAC2/3.5b/328), co-financed by the EC Cooperation Transnational Program MAC 2014-2020, and “Cumbre Vieja Emergencia”, financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. English language editing was performed by Tornillo Scientific, UK. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21818-9. For the first time, we obtained high-resolution images of Earth's interior of the La Palma volcanic eruption that occurred in 2021 derived during the eruptive process. We present evidence of a rapid magmatic rise from the base of the oceanic crust under the island to produce an eruption that was active for 85 days. This eruption is interpreted as a very accelerated and energetic process. We used data from 11,349 earthquakes to perform travel-time seismic tomography. We present high-precision earthquake relocations and 3D distributions of P and S-wave velocities highlighting the geometry of magma sources. We identified three distinct structures: (1) a shallow localised region (< 3 km) of hydrothermal alteration; (2) spatially extensive, consolidated, oceanic crust extending to 10 km depth and; (3) a large sub-crustal magma-filled rock volume intrusion extending from 7 to 25 km depth. Our results suggest that this large magma reservoir feeds the La Palma eruption continuously. Prior to eruption onset, magma ascended from 10 km depth to the surface in less than 7 days. In the upper 3 km, melt migration is along the western contact between consolidated oceanic crust and altered hydrothermal material. 2022-10-26T12:37:08Z 2022-10-26T12:37:08Z 2022-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article D’Auria, L., Koulakov, I., Prudencio, J. et al. Rapid magma ascent beneath La Palma revealed by seismic tomography. Sci Rep 12, 17654 (2022). [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21818-9] https://hdl.handle.net/10481/77578 10.1038/s41598-022-21818-9 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Atribución 4.0 Internacional Springer Nature