Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Health: An Energy Metabolism Perspective Dote Montero, Manuel Cardiovascular health Metabolic rate Energy expenditure Fat oxidation Alternate-day fasting Twice-weekly fasting 5:2 diet Modified periodic fasting Fasting-mimicking diet Time-restricted eating Ramadan Exercise This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Universities (FPU18/03357), Fulbright Spain and Junta de Andalucia, a postdoctoral grant from the Fundacion Alfonso Martin Escudero, a Nutrition Obesity Research Center (NORC) grant P30DK072476 and the Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science Center (U54 GM104940). This review summarizes the effects of different types of intermittent fasting (IF) on human cardiometabolic health, with a focus on energy metabolism. First, we discuss the coordinated metabolic adaptations (energy expenditure, hormonal changes and macronutrient oxidation) occurring during a 72 h fast. We then discuss studies investigating the effects of IF on cardiometabolic health, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Finally, we discuss how IF may be optimized by combining it with exercise. In general, IF regimens improve body composition, ectopic fat, and classic cardiometabolic risk factors, as compared to unrestricted eating, especially in metabolically unhealthy participants. However, it is still unclear whether IF provides additional cardiometabolic benefits as compared to continuous daily caloric restriction (CR). Most studies found no additional benefits, yet some preliminary data suggest that IF regimens may provide cardiometabolic benefits in the absence of weight loss. Finally, although IF and continuous daily CR appear to induce similar changes in energy expenditure, IF regimens may differentially affect substrate oxidation, increasing protein and fat oxidation. Future tightly controlled studies are needed to unravel the underlying mechanisms of IF and its role in cardiometabolic health and energy metabolism. 2022-03-23T09:31:29Z 2022-03-23T09:31:29Z 2022-01-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Dote-Montero, M.; Sanchez-Delgado, G.; Ravussin, E. Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Health: An Energy Metabolism Perspective. Nutrients 2022, 14, 489. [https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030489] http://hdl.handle.net/10481/73659 10.3390/nu14030489 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Atribución 3.0 España MDPI