Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study † Cuadrado Soto, Esther Hernández Ruiz, Ángela Lara-Villoslada, Federico Martínez De Victoria Muñoz, Emilio Ruiz López, María Dolores Soto-Méndez, María José Gil Hernández, Ángel EsNuPI study Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Vitamin D Pediatric nutrition Food sources Spanish children Dairy products Infant formula The authors would like to thank IPN for its support and technical advice. Bone problems in the population begin to be establish in childhood. The present study aims to assess the usual calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intakes, along with the food sources of these nutrients, in Spanish children participating in the EsNuPI (Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española) study. Two 24 h dietary recalls were applied to 1448 children (1 to <10 years) divided into two sub-samples: one reference sample (RS) of the general population [n = 707] and another sample which exclusively included children consuming enriched or fortified milks, here called “adapted milks” (AMS) [n = 741]. Estimation of the usual intake shows that nutrient intake increased with age for all nutrients except vitamin D. Using as reference the Dietary Reference Values from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), calcium and magnesium intakes were found to be below the average requirement (AR) and adequate intake (AI), respectively, in a considerable percentage of children. Furthermore, phosphorus exceeded the AI in 100% of individuals and vitamin D was lower than the AI in almost all children studied. The results were very similar when considering only plausible reporters. When analyzing the food sources of the nutrients studied, milk and dairy products contributed the most to calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D. Other sources of calcium were cereals and vegetables; for phosphorus: meat, meat products, and cereals; for magnesium: cereals and fruits; and, for vitamin D: fish and eggs. These results highlight the desirability of improving the intake concerning these nutrients, which are involved in bone and metabolic health in children. The AMS group appeared to contribute better to the adequacy of those nutrients than the RS group, but both still need further improvement. Of special interest are the results of vitamin D intakes, which were significantly higher in the AMS group (although still below the AI), independent of age. 2020-09-01T11:13:29Z 2020-09-01T11:13:29Z 2020-06-16 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Cuadrado-Soto, E., López-Sobaler, A. M., Jiménez-Ortega, A. I., Aparicio, A., Bermejo, L. M., Hernández-Ruiz, Á., ... & Ruiz-López, M. D. (2020). Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to< 10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study. Nutrients, 12(6), 1787. [doi: 10.3390/nu12061787] http://hdl.handle.net/10481/63262 10.3390/nu12061787 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Atribución 3.0 España MDPI