Protective Effects of Probiotic Consumption in Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus de la Visitación, Néstor Robles-Vera, Iñaki Toral Jiménez, Marta Duarte Pérez, Juan Manuel Immune response Gut microbiota Endothelial dysfunction Hypertension Nephritis The prevalence of renal and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is higher than in general populations. Recently, a causal role of gut microbiota on the development of immune responses in SLE has been described. Probiotic consumption changes the composition of gut microbiota, preventing SLE progression. The aim of this review is to explore the role of the gut microbiota in the development of renal and cardiovascular disease in SLE and how probiotics could be a therapeutic option. Despite strong evidence on the beneficial effects of probiotics in the development of autoimmunity and nephritis in SLE, only a few studies described the protective effects of Lactobacillus in important risk factors for CVD, such as endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in mice. The preventive effects of probiotics in renal and CVD in humans have not been established yet. 2020-01-09T13:47:48Z 2020-01-09T13:47:48Z 2019-11-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article de la Visitación, N., Robles-Vera, I., Toral, M., & Duarte, J. (2019). Protective Effects of Probiotic Consumption in Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Nutrients, 11(11), 2676. http://hdl.handle.net/10481/58608 10.3390/nu11112676 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Atribución 3.0 España MDPI