Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Adequacy among an Older Spanish Population with Metabolic Syndrome in the PREDIMED-Plus Study: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Metadatos
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MDPI
Materia
Dietary diversity Nutrient adequacy Metabolic syndrome Aging PREDIMED-Plus study
Date
2019-04-26Referencia bibliográfica
Cano-Ibáñez, N.; Bueno-Cavanillas, A. [et al.]. Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Adequacy among an Older Spanish Population with Metabolic Syndrome in the PREDIMED-Plus Study: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Nutrients 2019, 11, 958; doi:10.3390/nu11050958.
Patrocinador
The PREDIMED-Plus trial was supported by the o cial funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish government, ISCIII through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (three coordinated FIS projects led by J.S.-S. and J.V., including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926), the Especial Action Project entitled: Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensiva sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus grant to J.S.-S., the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2013-2018; 340918) grant to M.A.M.-G., the Recercaixa grant to J.S.-S. (2013ACUP00194), the grant from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013; PS0358/2016), the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana, the SEMERGEN grant and FEDER funds (CB06/03). None of the funding sources took part in the design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility to submit for publication.Résumé
Dietary guidelines emphasize the importance of a varied diet to provide an adequate
nutrient intake. However, an older age is often associated with consumption of monotonous diets that
can be nutritionally inadequate, increasing the risk for the development or progression of diet-related
chronic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). To assess the association between dietary
diversity (DD) and nutrient intake adequacy and to identify demographic variables associated with
DD, we cross-sectionally analyzed baseline data from the PREDIMED-Plus trial: 6587 Spanish adults
aged 55–75 years, with overweight/obesity who also had MetS. An energy-adjusted dietary diversity score (DDS) was calculated using a 143-item validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire
(FFQ). Nutrient inadequacy was defined as an intake below 2/3 of the dietary reference intake (DRI)
forat least four of 17 nutrients proposed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Logistic regression models
were used to evaluate the association between DDS and the risk of nutritionally inadequate intakes. In
the higher DDS quartile there were more women and less current smokers. Compared with subjects
in the highest DDS quartile, those in the lowest DDS quartile had a higher risk of inadequate nutrient
intake: odds ratio (OR) = 28.56 (95% confidence interval (CI) 20.80–39.21). When we estimated food
varietyfor each of the food groups, participants in the lowest quartile had a higher risk of inadequate
nutrient intake for the groups of vegetables, OR = 14.03 (95% CI 10.55–18.65), fruits OR = 11.62 (95%
CI 6.81–19.81), dairy products OR = 6.54 (95% CI 4.64–9.22) and protein foods OR = 6.60 (95% CI
1.96–22.24). As DDS decreased, the risk of inadequate nutrients intake rose. Given the impact of
nutrient intake adequacy on the prevention of non-communicable diseases, health policies should
focus on the promotion of a healthy varied diet, specifically promoting the intake of vegetables and
fruit among population groups with lower DDS such as men, smokers or widow(er)s.