A Preliminary Investigation on Smokeless Tobacco Use and Its Cognitive Effects Among Athletes
Metadatos
Afficher la notice complèteAuteur
Zandonai, Thomas; Mancabelli, Alberto; Chiamulera, Cristiano; Falconieri, Danilo; Diana, MarcoEditorial
Frontiers Media
Materia
Snus Nicotine Reinforcing effect Decision-making Winter sport environment
Date
2018-03-12Referencia bibliográfica
Zandonai T, Chiamulera C, Mancabelli A, Falconieri D and Diana M (2018) A Preliminary Investigation on Smokeless Tobacco Use and Its Cognitive Effects Among Athletes. Front. Pharmacol. 9:216. [http://hdl.handle.net/10481/51137]
Résumé
Introduction: Among athletes, an increasing use of nicotine via smokeless tobacco has
been reported. However, there are currently unanswered questions about whether the
use by athletes is due to nicotine’s addictive properties and/or to benefits in physical and
cognitive performance (e.g., decision-making). In this original article we reported about,
(i) snus-induced reinforcing effects among snus-user athletes (Survey) and (ii) the effects
of snus on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in snus-user skiers (Experimental study). IGT is
an experimental neuropsychological task that has been previously used on athletes and
addicts to test decision-making.
Methods: Survey: data were collected with the modified Cigarette Evaluation
Questionnaire (mCEQ) that was administered to 61 winter sport athlete snus-users
in Northern Italy. Experimental study: IGT data included: amount of money earned,
number of choices from advantageous and disadvantageous decks and overall net
score. Eighteen male snus-users were tested under satiety or after 12-h abstinence
conditions according to a crossover design.
Results: Survey: the comparison between occasional vs. regular snus-users showed
a statistically significant difference in satisfaction (P = 0.0088), calm (P = 0.0252),
and enjoyment (P = 0.0001) mCEQ items suggesting a snus intake/effect relationship.
Experimental study: significantly higher IGT net scores were found during the first 20
choice cards after abstinence vs. satiety conditions (P = 0.0024).
Conclusion: In the Survey, regular snus use induces greater satisfaction and
psychological reward than occasional use. In the Experimental study, snus intake might
produce an early and transient cognitive improvement on IGT in abstinent snus-users,
presumably acting as a withdrawal relief.