Metamaterial-Based Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface: 3D Meta-Atoms Controlled by Graphene Structures Molero Jiménez, Carlos Palomares Caballero, Ángel Alex Amor, Antonio Parellada Serrano, Ignacio Gámiz Pérez, Francisco Jesús Padilla De La Torre, Pablo Valenzuela Valdes, Juan Francisco 3-D printing Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) Graphene Beamforming The upcoming high-speed wireless communication systems will be hosted by millimeter- and sub-millimeter-wave frequency bands. At these frequencies, electromagnetic waves suffer from severe propagation losses and non-line-of-sight scenarios. A new wireless communication paradigm has arrived to resolve this situation through the use of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). These metadevices are designed to reconfigure the wireless environment in a smart way. Traditional RIS designs based on the implementation of 2D configurations have been considered up to now. However, 3D structures enable an extra degree of freedom in the design that can be taken as an advantage for the development of improved RIS structures with advanced functionalities. This article proposes the implementation of a novel electronically reconfigurable RIS based on the use of 3D graphene meta-atoms. The reconfigurability lies in the graphene conductivity, easily tunable with a biasing voltage. Different conductivity values vary the meta-atom electromagnetic response, modifying the RIS functionality. A multi-objective optimization framework determines the optimal phase state of each meta-atom to accomplish the desired RIS performance. The operation of the RIS as an efficient beam steerer/ splitter, absorber, and polarization selector is validated with full-wave results 2024-12-18T12:34:21Z 2024-12-18T12:34:21Z 2021-07-05 journal article C. Molero et al., "Metamaterial-Based Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface: 3D Meta-Atoms Controlled by Graphene Structures," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 42-48, June 2021, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.001.2001161 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/98239 10.1109/MCOM.001.2001161 eng open access Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)