<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/rdf/" xmlns:ow="http://www.ontoweb.org/ontology/1#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ds="http://dspace.org/ds/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:doc="http://www.lyncode.com/xoai" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/rdf/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/rdf.xsd">
   <ow:Publication rdf:about="oai:digibug.ugr.es:10481/94593">
      <dc:title>Differences in the Interleukin Profiles in Inattentive ADHD Prepubertal Children Are Probably Related to Conduct Disorder Comorbidity</dc:title>
      <dc:creator>González-Villén, Raquel</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernández López, María Luisa</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Checa Ros, Ana</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tortosa-Pinto, Pilar</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aguado-Rivas, Raquel</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garre Morata, Laura</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Acuña Castroviejo, Darío</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Molina Carballo, Antonio</dc:creator>
      <dc:subject>ADHD</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>prepubertal children</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>attention deficit</dc:subject>
      <dc:description>Inflammatory cytokines are involved in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),&#xd;
a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. To quantify the baseline levels of pro- and antiinflammatory&#xd;
cytokines and their changes after methylphenidate (MPH), a total of 31 prepubertal&#xd;
children with ADHD were recruited and subclassified into only two ADHD presentations—ADHD&#xd;
attention deficit (n = 13) or ADHD combined (n = 18). The children were also screened for oppositional&#xd;
defiant conduct disorder (ODCD) and anxiety disorder. Blood samples were drawn at 09:00 and after&#xd;
4.63 ± 1.87 months of treatment. Four pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-5, IL-6,&#xd;
tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) and three anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) were&#xd;
measured using a Luminex® assay. For statistics, a factorial analysiswas performed in Stata 15.1. Overall,&#xd;
there were no statistically significant differences in the interleukin (IL) values induced by treatment.&#xd;
When grouped by presentation, the differences were present almost exclusively in ADHD-AD, usually&#xd;
with a profile opposite to that observed in ADHD-C, and with interactions between comorbid factors,&#xd;
with IL-1β (p = 0.01) and IL-13 (p = 0.006) being the ones reaching the greatest statistical significance.&#xd;
These differences are probably related to the ODCD factor, and they disappear after treatment. In&#xd;
conclusion, the changes observed in cytokine levels in prepubertal children only in the ADHD-AD&#xd;
presentation are probably related to comorbidities (specifically ODCD) and are mitigated after treatment.</dc:description>
      <dc:date>2024-09-17T08:35:27Z</dc:date>
      <dc:date>2024-09-17T08:35:27Z</dc:date>
      <dc:date>2024-08-09</dc:date>
      <dc:type>journal article</dc:type>
      <dc:identifier>González Villén, R. et. al. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1818. [https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081818]</dc:identifier>
      <dc:identifier>https://hdl.handle.net/10481/94593</dc:identifier>
      <dc:identifier>10.3390/biomedicines12081818</dc:identifier>
      <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
      <dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</dc:rights>
      <dc:rights>open access</dc:rights>
      <dc:rights>Atribución 4.0 Internacional</dc:rights>
      <dc:publisher>MDPI</dc:publisher>
   </ow:Publication>
</rdf:RDF>