Testing active membranes for bone regeneration: A review Toledano Osorio, Manuel Manzano-Moreno, Francisco Javier Ruiz Rodríguez, Concepción Toledano Pérez, Manuel Osorio Ruiz, Raquel Membrane Osteoblasts Macrophages Bone regeneration Osteoimmunomodulation This work was supported by: 1) the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European Regional Development Fund [Project MAT2017-85999-P MINECO/AEI/FEDER/UE], 2) University of Granada/Regional Government of Andalusia Research Fund from Spain and European Regional Development Fund (A-BIO-157-UGR-18/FEDER). This research is part of M.T-O.’s PhD research study. Objectives: Maxillofacial bone defects are the main hindering conditions for traditional dental implant strategies. Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) is used to handle this situation. The principle of GBR is to use a membrane to prevent the colonization of soft tissue cells of the bone defect and favors the migration of osteogenic linages. Current membranes do not completely fulfill the requirements that an optimal membrane should have, sometimes resulting in non-predictable results. Thus, the need to develop an ideal membrane to perform this duty is clear. Recent developments in bio-manufacturing are driving innovations in membranes technology permitting the active participation of the membrane in the healing and regenerative process trough native tissue mimicking, drug-delivery and cells interaction, away from being a passive barrier. New membranes features need specific evaluation techniques, beyond the International Standard for membrane materials (last reviewed in 2004), being this the rationale for the present review. Nanotechnology application has completely shifted the way of analyzing structural characterization. New progresses on osteoimmmunomodulation have also switched the understanding of cells-membranes interaction. Data and sources: To propose an updated protocol for GBR membranes evaluation, critical reading of the relevant published literature was carried out after a MEDLINE/PubMed database search. Conclusions: The main findings are that a potential active membrane should be assessed in its nanostructure, physicochemical and nanomechanical properties, bioactivity and antibacterial, osteoblasts proliferation, differentiation and mineralization. Immunomodulation testing for macrophages recruitment and M2 phenotype promotion in osteoblasts co-culture has to be achieved to completely analyze membranes/tissue interactions. 2024-09-05T10:26:14Z 2024-09-05T10:26:14Z 2021-02 journal article M. Toledano-Osorio et al. Testing active membranes for bone regeneration: A review. Journal of Dentistry Volume 105, February 2021, 103580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103580 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/93999 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103580 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/ open access Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional Elsevier