Multi-Label Quantification Moreo Fernández, Alejandro Aparicio, Manuel Francisco Sebastiani, Fabrizio The work of A. Moreo and F. Sebastiani has been supported by the SoBigData++ project, funded by the European Commission (Grant 871042) under the H2020 Programme INFRAIA-2019-1, by the AI4Media project, funded by the European Commission (Grant 951911) under the H2020 Programme ICT-48-2020, and by the SoBigData.it and FAIR projects funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research under the NextGenerationEU program; the authors’ opinions do not necessarily reflect those of the funding agencies. The work of M. Francisco has been supported by the FPI 2017 predoctoral programme, from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), grant BES-2017-081202. Quantification, variously called supervised prevalence estimation or learning to quantify, is the supervised learning task of generating predictors of the relative frequencies (a.k.a. prevalence values) of the classes of interest in unlabelled data samples. While many quantification methods have been proposed in the past for binary problems and, to a lesser extent, single-label multiclass problems, the multi-label setting (i.e., the scenario in which the classes of interest are not mutually exclusive) remains by and large unexplored. A straightforward solution to the multi-label quantification problem could simply consist of recasting the problem as a set of independent binary quantification problems. Such a solution is simple but naïve, since the independence assumption upon which it rests is, in most cases, not satisfied. In these cases, knowing the relative frequency of one class could be of help in determining the prevalence of other related classes. We propose the first truly multi-label quantification methods, i.e., methods for inferring estimators of class prevalence values that strive to leverage the stochastic dependencies among the classes of interest in order to predict their relative frequencies more accurately. We show empirical evidence that natively multi-label solutions outperform the naïve approaches by a large margin. The code to reproduce all our experiments is available online. 2023-11-28T10:49:40Z 2023-11-28T10:49:40Z 2023-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Published version: Alejandro Moreo, Manuel Francisco, and Fabrizio Sebastiani. 2023. Multi-Label Quantification. ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data. 18, 1, Article 4 (August 2023), 36 pages. [https://doi.org/10.1145/3606264] https://hdl.handle.net/10481/85892 10.1145/3606264 eng info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/INFRAIA-2019-1/871042 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/ICT-48-2020/951911 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional Association for Computing Machinery