Protein and amino acid intakes in relation to prostate cancer risk and mortality—A prospective study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Schmidt, Julie A. Sánchez Pérez, María José Dietary amino acid intakes Dietary protein intakes Prostate cancer incidence Prostate cancer mortality Tumour subtypes This work was supported by Cancer Research UK (C8221/A29017). The coordination of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) is financially supported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and has been supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO). The na- tional cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council, and Regional Government of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 to EPIC- Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC- Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK). Background: The association between protein intake and prostate cancer risk remains unclear. Aims: To prospectively investigate the associations of dietary intakes of total protein, protein from different dietary sources, and amino acids with prostate cancer risk and mortality. Methods: In 131,425 men from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, protein and amino acid intakes were estimated using validated dietary questionnaires. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: During a mean follow-up of 14.2 years, 6939 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer and 914 died of the disease. Dairy protein was positively associated with overall prostate cancer risk in the three highest fifths compared to the lowest (HRQ3 =1.14 (95% CI 1.05-1.23); HRQ 4=1.09 (1.01-1.18); HRQ5 =1.10 (1.02-1.19)); similar results were observed for yogurt protein (HRQ3 =1.14 (1.05-1.24); HRQ4 =1.09 (1.01-1.18); HRQ5 =1.12 (1.04-1.21)). For egg protein intake and prostate cancer mortality, no association was observed by fifths, but there was suggestive evidence of a positive association in the analysis per standard deviation increment. There was no strong evidence of associations with different tumour subtypes. Discussion: Considering the weak associations and many tests, the results must be interpreted with caution. Conclusion: This study does not provide strong evidence for an association of intakes of total protein, protein from different dietary sources or amino acids with prostate cancer risk or mortality. However, our results may suggest some weak positive associations, which need to be confirmed in large-scale, pooled analyses of prospective data. 2023-10-16T12:41:54Z 2023-10-16T12:41:54Z 2023-02 journal article Schmidt JA, Huybrechts I, Overvad K, et al. Protein and amino acid intakes in relation to prostate cancer risk and mortality—A prospective study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Med. 2023;12:4725-4738. [doi: 10.1002/cam4.5289] https://hdl.handle.net/10481/85029 10.1002/cam4.5289 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ open access Atribución 4.0 Internacional Wiley