Effectiveness of real-time classroom interactive competition on academic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis Jurado Castro, José Manuel Vargas Molina, Salvador Gómez Urquiza, Jose Luis Benítez Porres, Javier Mobile learning Gamification Kahoot Smartphone Students Classroom In recent years, different tools have been introduced into the educational landscape to promote active participation and interaction between students and teachers through personal response systems. The evolution of this methodology has allowed students to participate in real-time by answering questions posed. Previous reviews on the effectiveness of real-time classroom interactive competition (RCIC) on academic performance have been performed; however, this research was based only on Kahoot, without considering other RCIC tools or programs. In addition, the RCIC effectiveness at different educational levels and its effect according to the duration of the intervention has not been meta-analytically analyzed until to date. The aim of this meta-analysis was to analyze the RCIC effectiveness in improving academic performance. A search focused on studies from the educational field published from 2010 until September 2022 was performed. Experimental studies with objective and valid data (scores based on tests or exams) were included. From a total of 397 studies considered potentially eligible, 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. The sample was nD1,877 for the experimental group and nD1,765 for the control group with an academic improvement in favor to experimental group (MD 7.34; CI [5.31 9.43]; p<0:001). There was also significant improvement in academic performance when analyzing different educational levels and different tools. In addition, both short-term interventions (two weeks or less in duration) and long-term (from two weeks to one year in duration) were effective. Therefore, RCIC interventions seem to be an effective strategy to improve academic performance. 2023-06-28T11:34:09Z 2023-06-28T11:34:09Z 2023-04-12 journal article Jurado-Castro JM, Vargas-Molina S, Gómez-Urquiza JL, Benítez-Porres J. 2023. Effectiveness of real-time classroom interactive competition on academic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ Computer Science 9:e1310 [https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1310] https://hdl.handle.net/10481/82931 10.7717/peerj-cs.1310 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ open access Atribución 4.0 Internacional PeerJ team