Causes of Shoulder Dysfunction in Diabetic Patients: A Review of Literature Struyf, Filip Navarro Ledesma, Santiago Diabetes mellitus Type 2 Shoulder adhesive capsulitis Shoulder injuries Hyperglycemia Systemic review Objective: Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind shoulder dysfunctions in patients with diabetes mellitus. Study Design: Systematic qualitative literature review. Participants: Patients with shoulder dysfunctions and diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus. Intervention: Published scientific literature containing evidence about the mechanisms of shoulder dysfunctions in the diabetic population. Articles were selected based on criteria containing diabetic population, shoulder dysfunction, methodological quality >= 6/9 and >20 subjects. Main Outcome measures: range of motion; questionnaires (QoL, UCLA-m, SPADI, DASH); blood glucose, blood HbA1C; calculated capsular stiffness (Kcap); calcification shoulder joint; shoulder dysfunction in patients with glucose metabolism disorders and diabetes mellitus. Results: We found 17 published articles with level 2 and 3 evidence. Multiple factors such as age, duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), advanced glycation end products (AGE), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-1ss (IL-1ss) were shown to be associated with tendon changes and increased capsular stiffness (Kcap) conceivably leading to limited range of motion (ROM) or frozen shoulder. Decreased ROM and frozen shoulder have a significantly higher prevalence in DM than in non-DM. Conclusions: Based on the current literature we confirm a high prevalence of shoulder dysfunctions in patients with diabetes mellitus. The cause of the shoulder complications is unknown, and more research is mandatory to shed more light on the complex interplay between the multifactorial causes of shoulder dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. 2022-06-24T10:33:16Z 2022-06-24T10:33:16Z 2022-05-20 journal article Struyf, F.; Mertens, M.G.; Navarro-Ledesma, S. Causes of Shoulder Dysfunction in Diabetic Patients: A Review of Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6228. [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106228] http://hdl.handle.net/10481/75646 10.3390/ijerph19106228 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ open access Atribución 3.0 España MDPI