Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials Brea Gómez, Beatriz Torres Sánchez, Irene Ortiz Rubio, Araceli Calvache Mateo, Andrés Cabrera Martos, Irene López López, Laura Valenza, Marie Carmen Chronic low back pain Virtual reality Videogames Horse simulator riding Rehabilitation Physical therapy This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education by a FPU ("Formacion Profesorado Universitario") grant for the authors Andres Calvache-Mateo and Laura Lopez-Lopez (grant number, FPU:19/02609, FPU:17/00408). Virtual reality (VR) can present advantages in the treatment of chronic low back pain. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the effectiveness of VR in chronic low back pain. This review was designed according to PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020222129). Four databases (PubMed, Cinahl, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched up to August 2021. Inclusion criteria were defined following PICOS recommendations. Methodological quality was assessed with the Downs and Black scale and the risk of bias with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review and eleven in the meta-analysis. Significant differences were found in favor of VR compared to no VR in pain intensity postintervention (11 trials; n = 569; SMD = -1.92; 95% CI = -2.73, -1.11; p < 0.00001) and followup (4 trials; n = 240; SDM = -6.34; 95% CI = -9.12, -3.56; p < 0.00001); and kinesiophobia postintervention (3 trials; n = 192; MD = -8.96; 95% CI = -17.52, -0.40; p = 0.04) and followup (2 trials; n = 149; MD = -12.04; 95% CI = -20.58, -3.49; p = 0.006). No significant differences were found in disability. In conclusion, VR can significantly reduce pain intensity and kinesiophobia in patients with chronic low back pain after the intervention and at followup. However, high heterogeneity exists and can influence the consistency of the results. 2021-12-13T12:34:47Z 2021-12-13T12:34:47Z 2021-11-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Brea-Gómez, B.; Torres-Sánchez, I.; Ortiz-Rubio, A.; Calvache-Mateo, A.; Cabrera-Martos, I.; López-López, L.; Valenza, M.C. Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11806. [https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211806] http://hdl.handle.net/10481/72053 10.3390/ijerph182211806 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Atribución 3.0 España MDPI