Combining Attention-based Multiple Instance Learning and Gaussian Processes for CT Hemorrhage Detection Wu, Yunan Schmidt, Arne Hernández Sánchez, Enrique Molina Soriano, Rafael Attention-based multiple instance learning Variational Gaussian processes CT hemorrhage detection This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement No 860627 (CLARIFY Project) and also from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under project PID2019-105142RB-C22. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening emer- gency with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Rapid and accurate de- tection of ICH is crucial for patients to get a timely treatment. In order to achieve the automatic diagnosis of ICH, most deep learning models rely on huge amounts of slice labels for training. Unfortunately, the manual annotation of CT slices by radiologists is time-consuming and costly. To diagnose ICH, in this work, we propose to use an attention-based multiple instance learning (Att-MIL) approach implemented through the combi- nation of an attention-based convolutional neural network (Att-CNN) and a variational Gaussian process for multiple instance learning (VGP- MIL). Only labels at scan-level are necessary for training. Our method (a) trains the model using scan labels and assigns each slice with an at- tention weight, which can be used to provide slice-level predictions, and (b) uses the VGPMIL model based on low-dimensional features extracted by the Att-CNN to obtain improved predictions both at slice and scan levels. To analyze the performance of the proposed approach, our model has been trained on 1150 scans from an RSNA dataset and evaluated on 490 scans from an external CQ500 dataset. Our method outperforms other methods using the same scan-level training and is able to achieve comparable or even better results than other methods relying on slice- level annotations. 2021-11-24T13:23:22Z 2021-11-24T13:23:22Z 2021-07-04 conference output Published version: Wu Y... [et al.] (2021) Combining Attention-Based Multiple Instance Learning and Gaussian Processes for CT Hemorrhage Detection. In: de Bruijne M. et al. (eds) Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2021. MICCAI 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12902. Springer, Cham. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87196-3_54] http://hdl.handle.net/10481/71727 10.1101/2021.07.01.450539 eng info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/860627 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/ open access Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España Springer