Diurnal variations of cold-induced thermogenesis in young, healthy adults: A randomized crossover trial Acosta Manzano, Francisco Miguel Sánchez Delgado, Guillermo Martínez Téllez, Borja Manuel Alcántara Alcántara, Juan Manuel Llamas Elvira, José Manuel Ruiz Ruiz, Jonatan Biological clock Brown fat Chronobiology Energy metabolism Heat loss Thermogenesis This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01393) and PTA 12264-I, and by Retos de la Sociedad (DEP2016-79512-R) and European Regional Development Fund, the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU 13/03410, FPU 15/04059), the Fundacion Iberoamericana de Nutricion (FINUT), the Redes Tematicas de Investigaci on Cooperativa RETIC network (Red SAMID RD16/0022), the AstraZeneca HealthCare Foundation, The University of Granada's Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016 -Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), the Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades (ERDF, SOMM17/6107/UGR), and the Fundacion Alfonso Martin Escudero. This study is part of a PhD thesis conducted within the framework of the Biomedicine Doctoral Studies Programme of the University of Granada, Spain. Background: Harnessing cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity has been proposed as a means of counteracting a positive energy balance, and thus of combating obesity and its related comorbidities. However, it has remained unclear whether CIT and BAT activity show diurnal variation in humans - knowledge that might allow treatments based on these factors to be timeoptimized. Methods: A randomized crossover experiment was designed to examine whether CIT shows morning/ evening variation in young, healthy adults (n ¼ 14, 5 women). On the first experimental day, subjects' shivering thresholds were determined following a cooling protocol. After z96 h had elapsed, the subjects then returned on two further days (approx. 48 h apart) at 08:00 h or 18:00 in random order. On both the latter days, the resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured before the subjects underwent personalized cold exposure (i.e., according to their shivering threshold). CIT was then assessed for 60 min by indirect calorimetry. In an independent cross-sectional study (n ¼ 133, 88 women), subjects came to the laboratory between 8:00 and 18:00 h and their BAT 18F-fluordeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake was assessed after personalized cold stimulation. Results: Both the REE and CIT were similar in the morning and evening (all P > 0.05). Indeed, 60 min of personalized-mild cold exposure in the morning or evening elicited a similar change in energy expenditure (16.8 ± 12.8 vs. 15.7 ± 15.1% increase above REE, P ¼ 0.72). BAT 18F-FDG uptake was also similar in the morning, evening and afternoon (all P > 0.05). Conclusion: CIT does not appear to show morning/evening variation in young healthy adults, with the current study design and methodology. BAT 18F-FDG uptake appears not to change across the day either, although experiments with a within-subject study design are needed to confirm these findings. 2021-11-02T11:34:29Z 2021-11-02T11:34:29Z 2021-08-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Francisco M. Acosta... [et al.]. Diurnal variations of cold-induced thermogenesis in young, healthy adults: A randomized crossover trial, Clinical Nutrition, Volume 40, Issue 10, 2021, Pages 5311-5321, ISSN 0261-5614, [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.08.010] http://hdl.handle.net/10481/71227 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.08.010 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Atribución 3.0 España Elsevier