OXA-48 Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales in Spanish Hospitals: An Updated Comprehensive Review on a Rising Antimicrobial Resistance Rivera Izquierdo, Mario Láinez Ramos-Bossini, Antonio Jesús Rivera Izquierdo, Carlos López Gómez, Jairo Fernández Martínez, Nicolás Francisco Redruello Guerrero, Pablo Martín de los Reyes, Luis Miguel Martínez Ruiz, Virginia Ana Moreno Roldán, Elena Jiménez Mejías, Eladio OXA-48 Carbapenem Carbapenemases Spain Outbreak Multiresistant Enterobacteria Antibiotic stewardship Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are significant contributors to the global public health threat of antimicrobial resistance. OXA-48-like enzymes and their variants are unique carbapenemases with low or null hydrolytic activity toward carbapenems but no intrinsic activity against expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. CPEs have been classified by the WHO as high-priority pathogens given their association with morbidity and mortality and the scarce number of effective antibiotic treatments. In Spain, the frequency of OXA-48 CPE outbreaks is higher than in other European countries, representing the major resistance mechanism of CPEs. Horizontal transfer of plasmids and poor effective antibiotic treatment are additional threats to the correct prevention and control of these hospital outbreaks. One of the most important risk factors is antibiotic pressure, specifically carbapenem overuse. We explored the use of these antibiotics in Spain and analyzed the frequency, characteristics and prevention of CPE outbreaks. Future antibiotic stewardship programs along with specific preventive measures in hospitalized patients must be reinforced and updated in Spain. 2021-03-08T09:42:23Z 2021-03-08T09:42:23Z 2021-01-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Rivera-Izquierdo, M.; Láinez-Ramos-Bossini, A.J.; Rivera- Izquierdo, C.; López-Gómez, J.; Fernández-Martínez, N.F.; Redruello- Guerrero, P.; Martín-delosReyes, L.M.; Martínez-Ruiz, V.; Moreno- Roldán, E.; Jiménez-Mejías, E. OXA-48 Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales in Spanish Hospitals: An Updated Comprehensive Review on a Rising Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 89. [https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010089] http://hdl.handle.net/10481/66971 10.3390/antibiotics10010089 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Atribución 3.0 España Mdpi