Exosome: A New Player in Translational Nanomedicine Aheget, Houssam Galindo Moreno, Pablo Antonio Marchal Corrales, Juan Antonio Immunotherapy Exosomes CARs Gene editing Cancer Liquid biopsies This research was funded by the Spanish ISCIII Health Research Fund and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through research grants PI12/01097, PI15/02015, PI18/00337 (F.M.), PIE16-00045 (J.A.M.), DTS19/00145 (J.A.M.) and PI18/00330 (K.B.), as well as by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU) through FEDER research grant RTI2018-101309-B-C2 (J.A.M.). The CECEyU and CSyF Councils of the Junta de Andalucia FEDER/European Cohesion Fund (FSE) provided the following research grants: 2016000073391-TRA, 2016000073332-TRA, PI-57069 and PAIDI-Bio326 (F.M.) and PI-0014-2016 (K.B). K.B. was also on a Nicolas Monardes Regional Ministry of Health contract (0006/2018). H.A. is supported by Research Excellence PhD Fellowship (2UAE2020) from the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST). M.T.-M. is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SMSI) through an FPU16/05467 fellowship. M.C.-G. is funded by SMSI through a GJ fellowship (PEJ-2018-001760-A). We wish to thank Michael O’Shea for proofreading the review. Figures were created using Biorender.com. Summary: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by the vast majority of cell types both in vivo and ex vivo, upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cellular plasma membrane. Two main functions have been attributed to exosomes: their capacity to transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between cells and organs, as well as their potential to act as natural intercellular communicators in normal biological processes and in pathologies. From a clinical perspective, the majority of applications use exosomes as biomarkers of disease. A new approach uses exosomes as biologically active carriers to provide a platform for the enhanced delivery of cargo in vivo. One of the major limitations in developing exosome-based therapies is the difficulty of producing sufficient amounts of safe and efficient exosomes. The identification of potential proteins involved in exosome biogenesis is expected to directly cause a deliberate increase in exosome production. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding exosomes, with particular emphasis on their structural features, biosynthesis pathways, production techniques and potential clinical applications. 2020-11-17T10:02:29Z 2020-11-17T10:02:29Z 2020-07-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Aheget, H.; Tristán-Manzano, M.; Mazini, L.; Cortijo-Gutierrez, M.; Galindo-Moreno, P.; Herrera, C.; Martin, F.; Marchal, J.A.; Benabdellah, K. Exosome: A New Player in Translational Nanomedicine. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2380. [doi:10.3390/jcm9082380] http://hdl.handle.net/10481/64310 10.3390/jcm9082380 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Atribución 3.0 España MDPI