Tonic Immobility in PTSD: Exacerbation of Emotional Cardiac Defense Response Norte, Carlos Eduardo Vila Castellar, Jaime Mata Martín, José Luis Rodríguez Árbol, Javier Tonic immobility Cardiac defense response Post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD Humans Heart rate Ethics Statement The study was approved by the Ethics Institutional Review Board of the Institute of Psychiatry (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro). Written informed consent was provided by all participants, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Among defensive behaviors, tonic immobility (TI) is considered the last defensive resort when life is at extreme risk. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is the main psychiatric consequence resulting from exposure to traumatic events. Increasing evidence indicate an association between peritraumatic tonic immobilility and severity of PTSD. Cardiac defense response, a reactivity to perceived danger or threat, has been studied by recording heart rate changes that follows the presentation of an unpredictable intense auditory aversive stimulus. The aim of this study was to investigate potential distinctiveness in cardiac defense response among PTSD patients who presented – compared to those that did not – TI reaction in the laboratory setting. Patients (N = 17) completed the TI questionnaire for signs of immobility elicited by passive listening to their autobiographical trauma script. After a while, they were exposed to an intense white noise, while electrocardiogram was recorded. The heart rate during the 80 s after the noise, subtracted from baseline, was analyzed. Higher reports of TI to the trauma script were associated with stronger and sustained heart rate accelerations after the noise. The effects on cardiac defense response add to increasing evidence that some PTSD patients are prone to repeated re-experiences of TI, which may implicate in a potentially distinct pathophysiology and even a new PTSD subtype. 2020-05-14T11:28:36Z 2020-05-14T11:28:36Z 2019-05-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Norte CE, Volchan E, Vila J, Mata JL, Arbol JR, Mendlowicz M, Berger W, Luz MP, Rocha-Rego V, Figueira I and Souza GGL (2019) Tonic Immobility in PTSD: Exacerbation of Emotional Cardiac Defense Response. Front. Psychol. 10:1213. [doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01213] http://hdl.handle.net/10481/62076 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01213 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Atribución 3.0 España Frontiers Media