Green Alga Ulva spp. Hydrolysates and Their Peptide Fractions Regulate Cytokine Production in Splenic Macrophages and Lymphocytes Involving the TLR4-NFkB/MAPK Pathways Cian, Raúl E. Hernández Chirlaque, Cristina Gámez Belmonte, María de los Reyes Drago, Silvina R. Sánchez De Medina López-Huertas, Fermín Martínez Augustín, María Olga Bioactive peptides Green seaweeds Interleukin 10 TLR2 TLR4 NFkB Hydrolysates of food protein sources have immunomodulatory effects, which are of interest for use as functional foods. In this study, we have characterized the immune regulatory effect on rat splenocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes of Ulva spp. hydrolysates and their peptide fractions with or without in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and/or ultrafiltration. IL-10 was induced in almost all conditions and cell types obtained from wild type animals. The induction was in general increased by ultrafiltration and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. TNF was also induced in basal conditions. In turn, TNF and IFN- production was attenuated by the hydrolysate products in lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A immune stimulated cells. Inhibitors for the activation of NF B, MAPK p38 and JNK inhibited IL-10 induction in rat splenocytes. The response was dramatically attenuated in TLR4-/- cells, and only modestly in TLR2-/- cells. Food peptides from Ulva spp. genus exert anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells mediated by TLR4 and NF B. Similarity with the immunomodulatory profile of protein hydrolysates from other sources suggests a common mechanism. 2019-05-02T13:35:56Z 2019-05-02T13:35:56Z 2018-07-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Cian, R.E[et al.]. Green Alga Ulva spp. Hydrolysates and Their Peptide Fractions Regulate Cytokine Production in Splenic Macrophages and Lymphocytes Involving the TLR4-NFkB/MAPK Pathways. Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 235; doi:10.3390/md16070235. 1660-3397 http://hdl.handle.net/10481/55571 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Atribución 3.0 España MDPI