Bacteria-Carried Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Treatment of Anemia Bacteria-Carried Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Treatment of Anemia Garcés, Víctor Rodríguez Nogales, Alba González, Ana Gálvez Rodríguez, Natividad Rodríguez Cabezas, María Elena García-Martín, Maria L. Gutiérrez, Lucia Rondón, Deyanira Olivares Martín, Mónica Gálvez, Julio Domínguez-Vera, Jose M. The efficiency of maghemite nanoparticles for the treatment of anemia was sensibly higher when nanoparticles were incorporated onto the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus fermentum (MNP-bacteria) than when administrated as uncoated nanoparticles (MNP). Plasma iron and hemoglobin, intestine expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and duodenal Cytochrome b (DcytB), as well as hepatic expression of the hormone hepcidin were fully restored to healthy levels after administration of MNP-bacteria but not of MNP. A magnetic study on biodistribution and biodegradation showed accumulation of maghemite nanoparticles in intestine lumen when MNP-bacteria were administrated. In contrast, MNP barely reached intestine. In vivo MRI studies suggested the internalization of MNP-bacteria into enterocytes, which did not occur with MNP. Transmission electronic microscopy confirmed this internalization. The collective analysis of results point out that L. fermentum is an excellent carrier to overcome the stomach medium and drive maghemite nanoparticles to intestine, where iron absorption occurs. Due the probiotic ability to adhere to the gut wall, MNP-bacteria internalize into the enterocyte, where maghemite nanoparticles are delivered, providing an adequate iron level into enterocyte. This paper advances a new route for effective iron absorption in the treatment of anemia. The efficiency of maghemite nanoparticles for the treatment of anemia was sensibly higher when nanoparticles were incorporated onto the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus fermentum (MNP-bacteria) than when administrated as uncoated nanoparticles (MNP). Plasma iron and hemoglobin, intestine expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and duodenal Cytochrome b (DcytB), as well as hepatic expression of the hormone hepcidin were fully restored to healthy levels after administration of MNP-bacteria but not of MNP. A magnetic study on biodistribution and biodegradation showed accumulation of maghemite nanoparticles in intestine lumen when MNP-bacteria were administrated. In contrast, MNP barely reached intestine. In vivo MRI studies suggested the internalization of MNP-bacteria into enterocytes, which did not occur with MNP. Transmission electronic microscopy confirmed this internalization. The collective analysis of results point out that L. fermentum is an excellent carrier to overcome the stomach medium and drive maghemite nanoparticles to intestine, where iron absorption occurs. Due the probiotic ability to adhere to the gut wall, MNP-bacteria internalize into the enterocyte, where maghemite nanoparticles are delivered, providing an adequate iron level into enterocyte. This paper advances a new route for effective iron absorption in the treatment of anemia. 2018-12-13T07:04:41Z 2018-12-13T07:04:41Z 2018-12-13T07:04:41Z 2018-12-13T07:04:41Z 2018-05-02 2018-05-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/article Bioconjugate Chem., 2018, 29 (5), pp 1785–1791 Bioconjugate Chem., 2018, 29 (5), pp 1785–1791 http://hdl.handle.net/10481/54123 http://hdl.handle.net/10481/54123 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00245 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00245 eng eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License