Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Historical Exposure to Persistent Flame Retardant Concentrations in a Spanish Cohort Linares Ruiz, Eduardo Pérez-Díaz, Celia Perez Carrascosa, Francisco M Gonzalez, Sara Ramos Rodríguez, Juan José Salcedo Bellido, Inmaculada Arrebola Moreno, Juan Pedro Adipose tissue Persistent organic pollutants Flame retardants Research was funded by research grants from the CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (PI16/01858), co-funded by the European Union (FEDER). Celia Pérez-Díaz is under contract PFIS (FI21/00269, Predoctoral Health Research Training Contracts, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain). The aim of this study was to estimate the historical exposure to a selection of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) concentrations and to identify the potential sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with this exposure. The study population (n = 134) was a subcohort of the GraMo Study, recruited in 2003–04 in Granada (Spain). Information on potential exposure-associated factors was collected through face-to-face interviews and a review of clinical records. Historical exposure was estimated by analyzing adipose tissue concentrations of 12 PBDEs and 2 DPs by means of gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Data analyses included multivariable linear regression analyses. Median (interquartile range) pollutant concentrations ranged from 0.13 (0.09, 0.23) ng/g lipid for BDE-99 to 1.34 (0.92, 2.43) ng/g lipid for BDE-153. The body mass index was inversely associated with anti-DP, syn-DP, and BDE-153, -183, and -197 concentrations. Males exhibited higher levels of BDE-28, -47, -153, and -209 than females. Compared to non-manual workers, manual workers exhibited increased BDE-154, anti-DP, and syn-DP concentrations but lower BDE-28 levels. These findings highlight the elevated prevalence of PBDE/DP exposure and the heterogeneous exposure patterns observed across the study population. Further research is warranted to elucidate the long-term implications for human health. 2026-03-02T09:38:11Z 2026-03-02T09:38:11Z 2026-02-28 journal article Linares-Ruiz, E., Pérez-Díaz, C., Pérez-Carrascosa, F. M., Gonzalez, S., Ramos, J. J., Salcedo-Bellido, I., & Arrebola, J. P. (2026). Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Historical Exposure to Persistent Flame Retardant Concentrations in a Spanish Cohort. Applied Sciences, 16(5), 2346. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16052346 2076-3417 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/111798 10.3390/app16052346 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ open access Atribución 4.0 Internacional MDPI