Hydrogel-Based Conductive Inks for the Additive Printing of Biodegradable Radiofrequency Electronic Circuits Méndez Espinosa, Álvaro Ortiz Ruiz, Sergio Palomo, Mikel G. Pasadas Cantos, Francisco Rodríguez Arco, Laura López López, Modesto Torcuato García Ruiz, Francisco Javier Additive printing Biodegradable circuits Hydrogel Biodegradable hydrogel-based conductive inks, with application in additive circuit manufacturing, are synthesized from agarose, sodium alginate and functional carbon-based particles (carbon nanotubes and graphite). Rheological measurements are conducted to evaluate the printing performance of each ink. The synthesized functional inks are printed, and their conductivity properties are evaluated as a function of the functional material concentration. Promising conductivity values are achieved, demonstrating their potential application for low-cost and low-environmental-impact circuital and electromagnetic designs. 2026-02-26T08:11:23Z 2026-02-26T08:11:23Z 2026-02-25 journal article Méndez-Espinosa, Á., Ortiz-Ruiz, S., Palomo, M. G., Pasadas, F., Rodríguez-Arco, L., López-López, M. T., & Ruiz, F. G. (2026). Hydrogel-Based Conductive Inks for the Additive Printing of Biodegradable Radiofrequency Electronic Circuits. Engineering Proceedings, 127(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026127003 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/111537 10.3390/engproc2026127003 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ open access Atribución 4.0 Internacional MDPI