<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/rdf/" xmlns:ow="http://www.ontoweb.org/ontology/1#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ds="http://dspace.org/ds/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:doc="http://www.lyncode.com/xoai" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/rdf/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/rdf.xsd">
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      <dc:title>Enhancing Transparency and Trust in Higher Education Institutions via Blockchain: A Conceptual Model Utilizing the Ethereum Consortium Approach</dc:title>
      <dc:creator>Kistaubayev, Yerlan</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liébana-Cabanillas, Francisco</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>A. Shaikh, Aijaz</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mutanov, Galimkair</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ussatova, Olga</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shinbayeva, Ainura</dc:creator>
      <dc:subject>Blockchain adoption</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Interdisciplinary analysis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>sectoral impact</dc:subject>
      <dc:description>It has been recognized that Blockchain technology contributes to environmentally sustainable development goals (SDGs). It has emerged as a disruptive innovation capable&#xd;
of transforming various economic and social sectors significantly. This conceptual paper is driven by the need to explore how blockchain, specifically a consortium-based&#xd;
Ethereum architecture, can be integrated into higher education institutions to ensure data&#xd;
sovereignty, integrity, and verifiability while adhering to legal and ethical standards such&#xd;
as GDPR. We propose a multi-layered blockchain-based model for Kazakhstan’s Unified&#xd;
Platform of Higher Education (UPHE). This model employs hybrid on-chain/off-chain&#xd;
data storage, smart contract automation, and a Proof-of-Authority consensus mechanism&#xd;
to address system limitations, including data centralization and inadequate verification of&#xd;
academic credentials. Empirical simulations using Blockscout and Ethereum-compatible&#xd;
tools demonstrate the model’s feasibility and performance. This paper contributes to the&#xd;
growing discussion on educational blockchain applications by presenting a scalable, secure,&#xd;
and transparent architecture that aligns with institutional governance and Environmental,&#xd;
Social, and Governance (ESG) principles. It also supports the objectives of UN SDG 4&#xd;
(i.e., Quality education) by fostering trust, transparency, and equitable access to verifiable&#xd;
educational credentials.</dc:description>
      <dc:date>2025-11-05T09:48:18Z</dc:date>
      <dc:date>2025-11-05T09:48:18Z</dc:date>
      <dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
      <dc:type>journal article</dc:type>
      <dc:identifier>Kistaubayev, Y.; Liébana-Cabanillas, F.; Shaikh, A.A.; Mutanov, G.; Ussatova, O.; Shinbayeva, A. Enhancing Transparency and Trust in Higher Education Institutions via Blockchain: A Conceptual Model Utilizing the Ethereum Consortium Approach. Sustainability 2025, 17, 9350. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209350</dc:identifier>
      <dc:identifier>https://hdl.handle.net/10481/107785</dc:identifier>
      <dc:identifier>10.3390/su17209350</dc:identifier>
      <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
      <dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</dc:rights>
      <dc:rights>open access</dc:rights>
      <dc:rights>Atribución 4.0 Internacional</dc:rights>
      <dc:publisher>MDPI</dc:publisher>
   </ow:Publication>
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