The impact of non-traditional activities on banks’ efficiency in a low interest rates environment Jiménez Hernández, Ignacio Durán-Durán, Yolanda Campo, Cristina del banking efficiency non-traditional activities European banking data envelopment analysis directional distance functions Accepted manuscript version. Published in Journal of Economic Studies (Emerald Publishing Limited). DOI: 10.1108/JES-02-2025-0073 This paper assesses the potential growth of non-traditional production in commercial banks in the Eurozone during the 2015–2019 period characterized by excessively low interest rates. Using Data Envelopment Analysis, the study evaluates the production plans of 63 European commercial banks under European banking supervision. Results indicate that non-traditional banking activities experienced substantial growth from 2017 onward, accompanied by a reduction in inefficiency, suggesting that banks adapted to the low interest rate environment. 2025-10-14T09:08:40Z 2025-10-14T09:08:40Z 2025-06-02 journal article Jiménez-Hernández, I., Durán-Durán, Y., & del Campo, C. (2025). The impact of non-traditional activities on banks’ efficiency in a low interest rates environment. Journal of Economic Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-02-2025-0073 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/107012 https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-02-2025-0073 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ embargoed access Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License Emerald Publishing