Contextual modulation emerges by integrating feedforward and feedback processing in mouse visual cortex Di Santo, Serena Dipoppa, Mario Keller, Andreas Roth, Morgane Scanziani, Massimo Miller, Kenneth D. contextual modulation visual cortex feedback higher visual areas inhibitory subclasses Sensory systems use context to infer meaning. Accordingly, context profoundly influences neural responses to sensory stimuli. However, a cohesive understanding of the circuit mechanisms governing contextual effects across different stimulus conditions is still lacking. Here we present a unified circuit model of mouse visual cortex that accounts for the main standard forms of contextual modulation. This data-driven and biologically realistic circuit, including three primary inhibitory cell types, sheds light on how bottom-up, top-down, and recurrent inputs are integrated across retinotopic space to generate contextual effects in layer 2/3. We establish causal relationships between neural responses, geometrical features of the inputs, and the connectivity patterns. The model not only reveals how a single canonical cortical circuit differently modulates sensory response depending on context but also generates multiple testable predictions, offering insights that apply to broader neural circuitry. 2025-07-17T08:51:38Z 2025-07-17T08:51:38Z 2025-01-28 journal article Di Santo, S., Dipoppa, M., Keller, A., Roth, M., Scanziani, M., & Miller, K. D. (2025). Contextual modulation emerges by integrating feedforward and feedback processing in mouse visual cortex. Cell Reports, 44(1), 115088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2024.115088 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/105402 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.115088 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ open access Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional Elsevier