Higher spatial than seasonal beta diversity of soil protists along elevation gradients Bruni, Estelle P. Lorite Moreno, Juan Peñas De Giles, Julio Mulot, Matthieu Fournier, Bertrand Vittoz, Pascal Mitchell, Edward A. D. Lentendu, Guillaume Beta diversity DNA metabarcoding Elevational gradients Microbial community Protists Spanish Sierra Nevada This study was financially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF grant n°182531 to EADM), the University of Neuchâtel and other institutions through salaries. Biodiversity patterns along elevation gradients have long been studied for plants and animals, but only quite recently for soil microorganisms, especially protists (eukaryotes excluding plants, animals, and fungi). Microorganisms have shorter generation times than macroorganisms, and their abundance, diversity, and community structure are known to vary rapidly in response to abiotic and biotic factors. If microbial diversity varies more seasonally than spatially, a single sampling campaign along an elevation gradient, with contrasted phenologies, could introduce bias into biodiversity studies comparing multiple elevation gradients across different seasons, habitats, regions or latitudes. To address this question, we investigated the relative magnitude of spatial versus temporal diversity (alpha diversity) and community turnover (beta diversity) of soil protist communities along elevation gradients in two distant European mountain ranges. We collected soil samples in forests and grasslands below the treeline along five elevation gradients in two consecutive seasons (spring and summer) in the Spanish Sierra Nevada and the Swiss Alps, covering two distinct biogeographic regions. Using general eukaryotic primers and amplicon sequencing of soil environmental DNA, we decomposed total protist amplicon sequence variants diversity into local alpha- and beta diversity components and identified climatic and edaphic predictors of biodiversity patterns using redundancy analyses. Soil protist communities varied spatially within and among transects but temporal turnover was comparatively low. The best edaphic predictors of community variations were the same in spring and summer, but their explanatory power differed among seasons. The dominant spatial component of beta diversity suggests that patterns of soil protist communities along elevation gradients are more strongly driven by spatial heterogeneity than inter-seasonal turnover. Thus, in temperate climates, our results suggest that sampling only once between the end of spring and late summer across an elevation gradient does not introduce bias due to phenological differences when comparing beta diversity across multiple gradients. 2025-04-10T07:26:50Z 2025-04-10T07:26:50Z 2024-08-08 journal article Estelle P. Bruni et al. Higher spatial than seasonal beta diversity of soil protists along elevation gradients. Frontiers of Biogeography 17, 2024, e132637. e132637 | DOI 10.21425/fob.17.132637 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/103568 10.21425/fob.17.132637 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ open access Atribución 4.0 Internacional Pensoft Publishers