Comprehensive analysis and exploratory design of graphene-based subharmonic mixers operating at the gigahertz band Pardo, Mari Carmen Pasadas Cantos, Francisco Medina Rull, Alberto García Palomo, Mikel Ortiz Ruiz, Sergio González Marín, Enrique Godoy Medina, Andrés García Ruiz, Francisco Javier graphene field-effect transistor ambipolar electronics subharmonic mixing radio-frequency large-signal S-parameters impedance matching This work is part of the research project P21_00149 ENERGHENE funded by Consejería de Universidad, Investigación e Innovación de la Junta de Andalucía. This work is also supported by the Spanish Government through research projects TED2021-129769B-I00 FlexPowHar and TED2021-129938B-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR; and PID2023-150162OB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by FEDER, UE. M. C. Pardo acknowledges the FPU program from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN) with reference FPU21/04904. F. Pasadas acknowledges the R + D + i project A-ING-253-UGR23 AMBITIONS co-funded by Consejería de Universidad, Investigación e Innovación and the European Union under the FEDER Andalucía 2021–2027. A. Medina-Rull also acknowledges the support of the MCIN/AEI/PTA grant, with reference PTA2020-018250-I. Ambipolar conductance in graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs), and in particular their quasi-quadratic I-V transfer characteristic, makes these devices excellent candidates for exploiting subharmonic mixing at high frequencies. Several realizations have already demonstrated the ability of GFETs to compete with, or even improve, state-of-the-art mixers based on traditional technologies. Nonetheless, a systematic analysis of the influence on performance of both circuit design and technological aspects has not been conducted yet. In this work, we present a comprehensive assessment of the conver-sion losses by means of applying radio-frequency circuit design techniques in terms of filtering and match-ing, along with the impact stemming from physical and geometric variations of a fabricated graphene technology. 2025-04-09T10:40:40Z 2025-04-09T10:40:40Z 2025-03-14 journal article Published version: Pardo, M.C., Pasadas, F., Medina-Rull, A. et al. Comprehensive analysis and exploratory design of graphene-based subharmonic mixers operating at the gigahertz band. Discover Nano 20, 52 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-025-04221-x https://hdl.handle.net/10481/103554 10.1186/s11671-025-04221-x eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ open access Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional Springer Nature