Respiratory disease in people with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and Meta-analysis Jiménez-Peinado, Ana Laguna-Muñoz, David Jaén Moreno, María José Camacho-Rodríguez, Cristina Del Pozo, Gloria Isabel Vieta, Eduard Caballero Villarraso, Javier Rico-Villademoros, Fernando Sarramea, Fernando Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Major depressive disorder Prevalence Respiratory conditions This study was supported by a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI20/01657) and was co-funded by the European Union. The supplementary material for this article can be found at http://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.13 Background Living with major depressive disorder (MDD) reduces life expectancy, with respiratory disease being a significant threat. However, evidence on respiratory disease in this population has not yet been meta-analyzed. Methods This meta-analysis examines respiratory disease prevalence and odds ratio (OR) in patients with MDD and treatment resistant depression (TRD). A systematic literature search was conducted, with a snowball search of reference and citation lists. Inclusion criteria covered studies in MDD and TRD patients with confirmed diagnoses of respiratory diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], pneumonia, lung cancer, and tuberculosis), comparing with a control group when possible. Results From 4,138 retrieved articles, 15 (including 476,927 individuals with MDD, 50,680 with TRD, and 1,108,979 control group) met the inclusion criteria. In MDD patients, COPD prevalence was 9.0% (95% CI: 3.8–19.6%), asthma 8.6% (95% CI: 5.7–12.8%), and pneumonia 2.5% (95% CI: 2.2–2.9%). In TRD patients, COPD prevalence was 9.9% (95% CI: 4.2–21.9%) and asthma 10.9% (95% CI: 10.7–11.2%), but meta-analysis limited to those diseases showed no significant relative risk differences. Compared to the general population, individuals with MDD had significantly higher rates of COPD (OR 1.79, 95% CI: 1.49–2.16), even higher in younger populations (1.85 [95% CI: 1.74–1.97]) and more prevalent in women. Conclusions This first meta-analysis on this topic shows that MDD is associated with an increased risk of respiratory illness compared to the general population. The prevalence of asthma doubles the mean described in the general population worldwide, and in COPD, women and younger people are at particular risk. Prevention policies are urgently needed. 2025-04-02T07:24:03Z 2025-04-02T07:24:03Z 2025-02-05 journal article Jiménez-Peinado A, Laguna-Muñoz D, Jaén-Moreno MJ, et al. Respiratory disease in people with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. European Psychiatry. 2025;68(1):e34. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.13 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/103380 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.13 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ open access Atribución 4.0 Internacional Cambridge University Press