Entropy-based assessment of complexity structural effects of the third dimension, case seismic nest of Los Santos (Colombia) Mantilla-Duarte, Carlos Alfonso Angulo Ibáñez, José Miguel Complexity Entropy Spatio-temporal seismic data Structural effects Three-dimensional patterns Funding for open access publishing: Universidad de Granada/CBUA. J.M. Angulo was supported by Grant PID2021-128077NB-I00 funded by MCIN / AEI/10.13039/501100011033 / ERDF A way of making Europe, EU, and grant CEX2020-001105-M funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. This paper focuses on analysing, from an entropy-based approach, the implications on structural complexity associated with the third dimension (depth), considering along with latitude and longitude as part of the spatial distribution of earthquakes recorded in the Los Santos seismic nest within the Bucaramanga geologic complex, Santander, Colombia, during the period from January 2018 to December 2021. Highlighting entropy as a measure of uncertainty and system organisation, variations between two and three dimensions of significant characteristics of spatio-temporal patterns of registered seismic events are explored. After a preliminary descriptive analysis, simulations and randomisations are performed to validate the observed effects. The study proposes future directions, such as the consideration of non-linear distance measures and the inclusion of released energy in the entropy calculation, to contribute to the understanding of the spatial complexity of seismic phenomena and provide a solid basis for future research in this critical area. 2025-03-04T10:56:46Z 2025-03-04T10:56:46Z 2025-01-31 journal article Mantilla-Duarte, C.A., Angulo, J.M. Entropy-based assessment of complexity structural effects of the third dimension, case seismic nest of Los Santos (Colombia). Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 39, 911–923 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-024-02890-1 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/102839 10.1007/s00477-024-02890-1 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ open access Atribución 4.0 Internacional Springer Nature