Benzophenone-3: Comprehensive review of the toxicological and human evidence with meta-analysis of human biomonitoring studies
Metadatos
Mostrar el registro completo del ítemEditorial
Elsevier
Materia
Benzophenone Oxybenzone Sunscreen Endocrine disruptor Risk assessment HBM4EU
Fecha
2023-01-06Referencia bibliográfica
Vicente Mustieles... [et al.]. Benzophenone-3: Comprehensive review of the toxicological and human evidence with meta-analysis of human biomonitoring studies, Environment International, Volume 173, 2023, 107739, ISSN 0160-4120, [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107739]
Patrocinador
European Commission 733032Resumen
Background: Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and its major metabolite benzophenone-1 (BP-1) are widely used as UV
filters in sunscreens and cosmetics to prevent sunburn and skin damage, or as stabilizers to prevent photodegradation
in many commercial products. As a result, their presence is ubiquitous in the environment, wildlife
and humans. Based on endocrine disruption concerns, international regulatory agencies are performing a closer
evaluation.
Objective and methods: This work aimed to comprehensively review the available human relevant evidence for
safety issues in MEDLINE/PubMed in order to create a structured database of studies, as well as to conduct an
integrative analysis as part of the Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) Initiative.
Results: A total of 1,635 titles and abstracts were screened and 254 references were evaluated and tabulated in
detail, and classified in different categories: i) exposure sources and predictors; ii) human biomonitoring (HBM)
exposure levels to perform a meta-analysis; iii) toxicokinetic data in both experimental animals and humans; iv)
in vitro and in vivo rodent toxicity studies; and v) human data on effect biomarkers and health outcomes. Our
integrative analysis showed that internal peak BP-3 concentrations achieved after a single whole-body application
of a commercially available sunscreen (4% w/w) may overlap with concentrations eliciting endocrine
disrupting effects in vitro, and with internal concentrations causing in vivo adverse female reproductive effects in
rodents that were supported by still limited human data. The adverse effects in rodents included prolonged
estrous cycle, altered uterine estrogen receptor gene expression, endometrium hyperplasia and altered proliferation
and histology of the mammary gland, while human data indicated menstrual cycle hormonal alterations
and increased risk of uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Among the modes of action reported (estrogenic, antiandrogenic,
thyroid, etc.), BP-3 and especially BP-1 showed estrogenic activity at human-relevant concentrations,
in agreement with the observed alterations in female reproductive endpoints. The meta-analysis of HBM
studies identified a higher concern for North Americans, showing urinary BP-3 concentrations on average 10 and
20 times higher than European and Asian populations, respectively.