Immune-Related Urine Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis
Metadatos
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MDPI
Materia
Lupus nephritis Urine biomarkers Non-invasive diagnosis Immune effector
Fecha
2021-07-01Referencia bibliográfica
Morell, M.; Pérez-Cózar, F.; Marañón, C. Immune-Related Urine Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7143. [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137143]
Patrocinador
IMI2-JU project 831434; IMI-JU project 115565; European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme; EFPIA; Junta de Andalucia PIER-0118-2019 C2-0002-1019; Instituto de Salud Carlos III European Commission PI18/00082; European CommissionResumen
The kidney is one of the main organs affected by the autoimmune disease systemic lupus
erythematosus. Lupus nephritis (LN) concerns 30–60% of adult SLE patients and it is significantly
associated with an increase in the morbidity and mortality. The definitive diagnosis of LN can only be
achieved by histological analysis of renal biopsies, but the invasiveness of this technique is an obstacle
for early diagnosis of renal involvement and a proper follow-up of LN patients under treatment.
The use of urine for the discovery of non-invasive biomarkers for renal disease in SLE patients is an
attractive alternative to repeated renal biopsies, as several studies have described surrogate urinary
cells or analytes reflecting the inflammatory state of the kidney, and/or the severity of the disease.
Herein, we review the main findings in the field of urine immune-related biomarkers for LN patients,
and discuss their prognostic and diagnostic value. This manuscript is focused on the complement
system, antibodies and autoantibodies, chemokines, cytokines, and leukocytes, as they are the main
effectors of LN pathogenesis.