Clustering of Dietary Patterns and Lifestyles among Spanish Children in the EsNuPI Study
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Plaza Díaz, Julio; Molina Montes, María Ester; Soto Méndez, María José; Madrigal, Casandra; Hernández Ruiz, Ángela; Lara Villoslada, Federico; Martínez De Victoria Muñoz, Emilio; Gil Hernández, ÁngelEditorial
Mdpi
Materia
Children Cluster analysis Dietary patterns Physical activity Sedentary behavior
Date
2020-08-21Referencia bibliográfica
Plaza-Díaz, J., Molina-Montes, E., Soto-Méndez, M. J., Madrigal, C., Hernández-Ruiz, Á., Valero, T., ... & Ortega, R. M. (2020). Clustering of Dietary Patterns and Lifestyles Among Spanish Children in the EsNuPI Study. Nutrients, 12(9), 2536. [doi:10.3390/nu12092536]
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Instituto Puleva de Nutricion (IPN)Abstract
Dietary patterns (DPs) are known to be tied to lifestyle behaviors. Understanding DPs
and their relationships with lifestyle factors can help to prevent children from engaging in unhealthy
dietary practices. We aimed to describe DPs in Spanish children aged 1 to <10 years and to
examine their associations with sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. The consumption of
toddler and young children milk formulas, enriched and fortified milk within the Spanish pediatric
population is increasing, and there is a lack of evidence whether the consumption of this type of milk
is causing an impact on nutrient intakes and if they are helping to reach the nutrient recommendations.
Within the Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population (EsNuPI), we considered two study
cohorts and three di erent age groups in three year-intervals in each of them. The study cohort
included 740 children in a representative sample of the urban non-vegan Spanish population and 772
children in a convenience cohort of adapted milk consumers (AMS) (including follow-on formula,
toddler’s milk, growing up milk, and fortified and enriched milks) who provided information about
sociodemographics, lifestyle, and dietary habits; a food frequency questionnaire was used for the latter.
Principal component analysis was performed to identify DPs from 18 food groups. Food groups
and sociodemographic/lifestyle variables were combined through a hierarchical cluster algorithm.
Three DPs predominated in every age group and study sample: a palatable energy-dense food dietary
pattern, and two Mediterranean-like DPs. However, children from the AMS showed a predominant
dietary pattern markedly related to the Mediterranean diet, with high consumption of cereals, fruits
and vegetables, as well as milk and dairy products. The age of children and certain lifestyle factors,
namely level of physical activity, parental education, and household income, correlated closely with
the dietary clusters. Thus, the findings provide insight into designing lifestyle interventions that
could reverse the appearance of unhealthy DPs in the Spanish child population