Modulation of immunity and inflammatory gene expression in the gut, in inflammatory diseases of the gut and in the liver by probiotics
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc
Materia
Gene expression Immunity Immunotolerance Inflammation Microbiota Probiotics Gut Liver
Fecha
2014-11-14Referencia bibliográfica
Plaza-Diaz, J., Gomez-Llorente, C., Fontana, L., & Gil, A. (2014). Modulation of immunity and inflammatory gene expression in the gut, in inflammatory diseases of the gut and in the liver by probiotics. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG, 20(42), 15632. [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15632]
Resumen
The potential for the positive manipulation of the gut
microbiome through the introduction of beneficial
microbes, as also known as probiotics, is currently
an active area of investigation. The FAO/WHO define
probiotics as live microorganisms that confer a health
benefit to the host when administered in adequate
amounts. However, dead bacteria and bacterial molecular
components may also exhibit probiotic properties.
The results of clinical studies have demonstrated the
clinical potential of probiotics in many pathologies, such
as allergic diseases, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease
and viral infection. Several mechanisms have been
proposed to explain the beneficial effects of probiotics,
most of which involve gene expression regulation
in specific tissues, particularly the intestine and liver.
Therefore, the modulation of gene expression mediated
by probiotics is an important issue that warrants further
investigation. In the present paper, we performed a
systematic review of the probiotic-mediated modulation
of gene expression that is associated with the immune system and inflammation. Between January 1990 to
February 2014, PubMed was searched for articles that
were published in English using the MeSH terms “probiotics"
and "gene expression" combined with “intestines",
"liver", "enterocytes", "antigen-presenting cells",
"dendritic cells", "immune system", and "inflammation".
Two hundred and five original articles matching these
criteria were initially selected, although only those articles
that included specific gene expression results (77)
were later considered for this review and separated
into three major topics: the regulation of immunity and
inflammatory gene expression in the gut, in inflammatory
diseases of the gut and in the liver. Particular
strains of Bifidobacteria , Lactobacilli , Escherichia coli ,
Propionibacterium , Bacillus and Saccharomyces influence
the gene expression of mucins, Toll-like receptors,
caspases, nuclear factor-κB, and interleukins and lead
mainly to an anti-inflammatory response in cultured
enterocytes. In addition, the interaction of commensal
bacteria and probiotics with the surface of antigenpresenting
cells in vitro results in the downregulation of
pro-inflammatory genes that are linked to inflammatory
signaling pathways, whereas other anti-inflammatory
genes are upregulated. The effects of probiotics have
been extensively investigated in animal models ranging
from fish to mice, rats and piglets. These bacteria
induce a tolerogenic and hyporesponsive immune response
in which many genes that are related to the
immune system, in particular those genes expressing
anti-inflammatory cytokines, are upregulated. By contrast,
information related to gene expression in human
intestinal cells mediated by the action of probiotics is
scarce. There is a need for further clinical studies that
evaluate the mechanism of action of probiotics both in
healthy humans and in patients with chronic diseases.
These types of clinical studies are necessary for addressing
the influence of these microorganisms in gene
expression for different pathways, particularly those that are associated with the immune response, and to
better understand the role that probiotics might have in
the prevention and treatment of disease.