Assessment of daytime symptoms in snoring subjects and obstructive sleep apnea patients
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Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz
Materia
Apnea Ronquido Estado emocional Somnolencia Memoria Tiempo de reacción Neuroticismo Snoring Emotional state Sleepiness Memory Reaction time Neuroticism
Date
2007Referencia bibliográfica
Sánchez, A.I.; Buela-Casal, G. Assessment of daytime symptoms in snoring subjects and obstructive sleep apnea patients. Salud Mental, 30(1): 9-15 (2007). [http://hdl.handle.net/10481/32790]
Résumé
El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) es un trastorno
de la respiración que se produce durante el sueño, caracterizado
por episodios repetidos de apnea (cese total del flujo aéreo) o
hipopnea (cese parcial) con una duración mínima de 10 segundos.
La sintomatología asociada al trastorno es muy variada. La
mayoría de los pacientes se queja de problemas cognitivos, dificultades dificultades
de concentración, excesiva somnolencia diurna, despertares
frecuentes y aumento de la actividad motora durante el sueño,
así como de cambios en el estado de humor y en el carácter.
De todos los síntomas observados en el trastorno, el ronquido es
el rasgo más universal de la apnea del sueño y una de las causas
más comunes de referencia para la evaluación del trastorno. Hoy
en día se estima que aproximadamente 70% de los pacientes que
acude a los laboratorios de sueño padece ronquido, siendo en este
grupo además bastante alta la sospecha de un posible diagnóstico
de SAOS.
Algunos estudios han centrado su interés en evaluar si las personas
que manifiestan ronquido crónico muestran algún tipo de
sintomatología que pueda utilizarse como medida preventiva para
el posterior desarrollo de la apnea del sueño. Aunque los resultados
de estos estudios no son muy concluyentes, lo que sí parece
confirmarse es que en muchos casos el ronquido puede llegar a
producir consecuencias clínicas importantes. Por ello, y con base
en la bibliografía revisada, el objetivo de la presente investigación
es evaluar si hay o no diferencias en somnolencia diurna, tiempo
de reacción, memoria a corto plazo, depresión, ansiedad estadorasgo
y neuroticismo entre un grupo de pacientes con SAOS y un
grupo de pacientes roncadores crónicos. The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a type of sleep disorder
that has called the attention of many researchers because of
its widespread distribution among middle-aged subjects. The OSAS
is a respiratory problem characterized by the existence of apneas,
defined as 10 second minimum intervals during which no aerial
flux exchange takes place through the upper airways and the
hypopneas not characterized by an arrest, but by a reduction of
aerial flux through the upper airways.
The most widespread index used in the diagnosis of the OSAS
severity has been the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI). There is little
consensus based on the apnea/hypopnea index regarding the clinical
definition of the sleep apnea syndrome, as there is not a single
criterion for the categorization of sleep apnea patients into severity
levels.
Nowadays, it is estimated that about 70% of the patients referred
to sleep laboratories suffer from snoring, and it is suspected
that they might also suffer from sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep
apnea patients may suffer from memory and cognitive problems,
excessive daytime sleepiness, as well as mood disturbance, among
other symptoms. Additionally, this disorder has severe medical
and social consequences.
One of the most characteristic symptoms in sleep apnea is snoring.
Although snoring is one of the symptoms of sleep apnea, it
should be remembered it is a typical phenomenon among population
in general. There is a primary kind of snoring, the most frequent
type in less severe cases, which even occurs among the normal
population. In this case, the noise accompanying inspiration
is made with almost every breath. Secondly, there is another kind
of snoring that is either intermittent or cyclic, and snoring does
not come with every breath but silent periods are also frequent.
The latter indicates apnea. A considerable number of epidemiological studies regarding
snoring have been produced of late. Several of them have concluded
that snoring may have severe clinical consequences. Most
patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea start having simple
snores. In the last decade there has been a marked increase of
patients who manifest respiratory disorders related to sleep who
do not fall into the category of apnea patients. Nevertheless, the
morbidity of these clinical disorders is not yet known, a circumstance
that makes treatment more difficult.
Only a reduced number of studies have tried to find out whether
snorers show any kind of symptoms that could be used as a preventive
measure against the development of sleep apnea. For all the previous reasons, the aim of this study is to assess
whether there are any differences in daytime sleepiness, reaction
time, short-term memory, depression, trait anxiety, state anxiety
and neuroticism between a group of patients with obstructive
sleep apnea and a group of snoring individuals who had not been
diagnosed as suffering from OSAS.