Hidden dimensions of the energy transition

Abstract

The transition to renewable energy systems is central to addressing climate change, yet its implications extend far beyond merely reducing carbon (CO2) emissions. While renewable energy projects significantly lower operational CO₂ emissions, they can also result in substantial environmental, territorial, and socioeconomic impacts. This paper critically examines the hidden dimensions of the energy transition, focusing on overlooked consequences such as biodiversity loss, land-use conflicts, and resource depletion. Furthermore, it explores the challenges associated with the end-of-life of renewable technologies and the growing issue of waste management. By expanding the scope of impact assessments beyond CO₂ metrics, this paper highlights the importance of incorporating life-cycle, social, and territorial assessments to ensure a fair and sustainable energy transition.