Advances in Illumination of Lengthy Road Tunnels by Means of Innovative Vaulting and Sustainable Control of Flicker Perturbations

Abstract

Traditional approaches in tunnel lighting have been directed toward the installation of appropriate luminaires in the intermediate and transitional sections with the simple objective of diminishing the effect of delayed visual accommodation during daylight hours. Such efforts run in parallel with the target of keeping the huge electrical use at the lowest level. Nevertheless, inadequate attention has been conceded to the interior areas, whose noticeable longitude in several instances, and subsequently the duration of occupancy of the users, can produce discomfort in the majority of the tunnel or underground passageway. It is in this region where the flicker effect presents a more remarkable impact. Although such effect is in fact uncomfortable, the strategies to eliminate it efficiently have not been developed in depth and the result is still deserving, especially in terms of sustainability. The reasons for this neglect, as well as some particularities and solutions, are exposed and discussed in the present article. Specifically, it is proved that the use of sunlight can be an adequate initiative and a positive energy input into design and retrofit tunnels capable of hampering or totally avoiding such unwanted effect. The innovative tunnel geometry explained in this manuscript is not cylindrical, and it is not based in revolution forms. Thus, it prevents the appearance of such unnerving visual effects, which compromise sustainability and endanger security. We are in the position to explain how the vector field generated by the normal to the points of the novel surface displayed remains non-parallel, ensuring appropriate diffusivity and, consequently, an even distribution of radiated energy. In the same manner, the notion of the tunnel is extended from a linear system to a veritable network of galleries, which can traverse in space bi- or even three-dimensionally. Accordingly, we will offer diverse instances of junctions and splices that further enhance the permeability into the terrain, augmenting the resilience capabilities of this disruptive technology. With all the former, a net reduction of costs reaching 25% can be easily expected with revenues.