Physico-Mechanical Properties and Decay Susceptibility of Clay Bricks After the Addition of Volcanic Ash from La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain)

Abstract

During a volcanic eruption, a large volume of pyroclastic material can be deposited on the roads and roofs of the urban areas near volcanoes. The use of volcanic ash as an additive for the manufacture of bricks provides a solution to the disposal of part of this natural residue and reduces the depletion of a non-renewable natural resource, clayey soil, which brings some environmental and economic advantages. The pore system, compactness, uniaxial compression strength, thermal conductivity, color and durability of bricks without and with the addition of volcanic ash were evaluated through hydric tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry, ultrasound, uniaxial compression tests, IR thermography, spectrophotometry and salt crystallization tests. The purpose of this research is to determine the feasibility of adding 10, 20 and 30% by weight of volcanic ash from La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) in two grain sizes to produce bricks fired at 800, 950 and 1100 ◦C. The novelty of this study is to use two sizes of volcanic ash and fire the samples at 1100 ◦C, which is close to the liquidus temperature of basaltic magmas and allows a high degree of interaction between the volcanic ash and the brick matrix. The addition of fine volcanic ash was found to decrease the porosity of the bricks, although the use of high percentages of coarse volcanic ash resulted in bricks with almost the same porosity as the control samples. The volcanic ash acted as a filler, reducing the number of small pores in the bricks. The presence of vesicles in the volcanic ash reduced the compressive strength and the compactness of the bricks with additives. This reduction was more evident in bricks manufactured with 30% of coarse volcanic ash and fired at 800 and 950 ◦C, although they still reached the minimum resistance required for their use in construction. No significant differences in thermal conductivity were noticed between the bricks with and without volcanic ash additives, which is crucial in terms of energy savings and the construction of sustainable buildings. At 1100 ◦C the volcanic ash changed in color from black to red. As a result, the additive blended in better with the matrix of bricks fired at 1100 ◦C than in those fired at 800 and 950 ◦C. The bricks with and without volcanic ash and fired at 1100 ◦C remained intact after the salt crystallization tests. Less salt crystallized in the bricks with volcanic ash and fired at 800 and 950 ◦C than in the samples without additives, although their low compressive strength made them susceptible to decay.