Quartz bifacial points in the Howiesons Poort of Sibudu

Abstract

The Howiesons Poort Industry is known for its precocious production of backed stone tools, engraved ostrich eggshell containers and diverse bone tools. We discovered another novelty at Sibudu: small quartz bifacial points that were made on site. In this paper we present a detailed technological study (supported by an experimental programme) and use-wear and residue analyses. Technological analysis has demonstrated a short reduction sequence, in four hypothetical stages, from flakes mainly obtained by a discoidal knapping method. This reconstruction was based on a chaîne opératoire approach of completed points, incomplete points or broken ones that were discarded at various stages of the knapping process, together with manufacturing by-products and two refittings. The experimental programme allowed us to recognize the knapping techniques involved in the manufacture of these points. Functional analyses suggest that these were hafted hunting weapons of a type not previously recognized. They add to the Industry's known repertoire of hunting weaponry and meat-getting strategies, which seemingly included spears, arrows, and possibly snares. Either a short-lived, regional tradition occurred at Sibudu or small quartz bifacial points remain undiscovered elsewhere.