https://hdl.handle.net/10481/61321 Mon, 27 Apr 2026 07:56:50 GMT 2026-04-27T07:56:50Z https://hdl.handle.net/10481/95873 The international movements of capital and labor: a study of foreign direct investment and migrations flows Mihi Ramírez, Antonio Luis; Arteaga Ortiz, Jesús; Ojeda González, Sara Objective: The study seeks to analyse the interaction of foreign direct investment, emigration, and immigration before and after the great economic recession. Research Design & Methods: We used the Linear Mixed Model (LMM) to analyse interaction of foreign direct in-vestment (FDI), emigration, and immigration for 112 countries with which Spain has closely interconnected migratory and investment chains, and we focused on the analy-sis of both the pre-crisis 1998-2007 and post-crisis 2008-2016 periods. Findings: The results show that the higher number of immigrants in Spain is related to an overall higher Spanish FDI flows toward the immigrants’ origin countries. This relation between migration and FDI might be sustained in the long run as opposed to what was often raised in classical approaches. In fact, migration and FDI act like two sides of the same coin. Implications & Recommendations: Based on our results, we propose more proactive migration policies that support inte-gration in host countries, migrants’ return to home countries, and also trade agree-ments as an instrument that endorses selective FDI flow to more productive and criti-cal sectors in home countries. Moreover, our results show that lower FDI is usually associated with a higher volume of emigration from Spain. Contribution & Value Added: In a sense, FDI and migration may be considered a risk aversion strategy. https://hdl.handle.net/10481/95873 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/85692 Impact of the International Trade on the EU Clothing Industry Carbon Emissions Valodka, Ignas; Snieska, Vytautas; Mihi Ramírez, Antonio Luis Globalization and international trade has strongly affected world’s economy in the recent decades. The importance of emissions loads distribution between countries participating in the supply chains is steadily growing. In the highly fragmented global supply chain structure, with the consumption and production separated geographically and politically, it is difficult to capture the distribution of carbon emission burden within the global production processes. Several recent scientific studies have emphasized that CO2 emissions embodied in international trade processes should be addressed. The CO2 emissions up to now are mostly evaluated on the base of domestic emission accounts. To address this research gap, our study applies multi-regional input-output (MRIO) method for the estimation of the CO2 emissions embodied in the EU clothing imports. The study evaluates carbon emissions of the EU clothing imports and provides suggestions for companies and policy makers. Our results show, that the EU has not reduced CO2 emissions but instead has outsourced them. MRIO and triangulation methods were used to evaluate the EU clothing sector embodied carbon emissions in imports from 2000 to 2016. CO2 emission reduction goal can be achieved by implementing the proposed consumption based emission accounting framework additionally to the country’s emission inventory. Our results may help businesses and policy makers to establish more efficient strategies towards the EU’s carbon emissions. https://hdl.handle.net/10481/85692 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/85684 Interaction of foreign direct investment, international trade and remittances with emigration and immigration Mihi Ramírez, Antonio Luis; Sobieraj, Janusz; García Rodríguez, Yolanda This paper studies the international mobility of capital and labour. Using a panel data we analyse how relevant mobility factors, i.e. foreign direct investment, international remittances, exports and imports explain emigration and immigration flows. The sample comprises 112 countries with which Spain had close links between 1998 and 2016 in terms of migration, trade, remittances and investment flows. The results show that there is a positive association between foreign direct investment (FDI), remittances sent and received, Spanish imports and the number of immigrants in Spain. Contrary to what has often been acknowledged in many studies, this relationship has been sustained in the long term. Also, we found a negative link between exports and migration flows. Our results lead us to recommend those strategies and policies that exploit and promote the interaction of mobility factors as they allow companies and employees to diversify their risks and find new trade and investment opportunities https://hdl.handle.net/10481/85684 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/84779 Working Poverty and Quality of Employment: The Great Refugee Crisis in Middle Eastern Host Countries Alwrekiat, Ammar Z.; Mihi Ramírez, Antonio Luis; Melchor Ferrer, Elías This paper focuses on the distribution of the working poor by income level across countries and examines how indicators such as the level of unemployment, the labour force, and the number of self-employed, impact that distribution. In addition, it also examines the impact of official development assistance and the massive influx of refugees as a result of the Syrian conflict. Four income levels of the working poor are analysed using the panel data technique. The sample includes the 5 main host countries (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey) for the period from 1991 to 2021. Our results confirm that unemployment is not a significant predictor for developing countries, so we recommend indicators of job quality. Moreover, our results confirm a low impact of refugees on the labour market in host countries. Furthermore, the effect of selfemployment on the income level of the working poor is positive but limited. https://hdl.handle.net/10481/84779 https://hdl.handle.net/10481/83858 Review Insights into Toxic Prymnesium parvum Blooms as a Cause of the Ecological Disaster on the Odra River Sobieraj, Janusz; Metelski, Dominik Igor In 2022, Poland and Germany experienced a prolonged and extensive mass fish kill in the Odra River. During the period from the end of July to the beginning of September 2022, a high level of incidental disease and mortality was observed in various fish species (dozens of different species were found dead). The fish mortality affected five Polish provinces (Silesia, Opole, Lower Silesia, Lubuskie, and Western Pomerania) and involved reservoir systems covering most of the river (the Odra River is 854 km long, of which 742 km are in Poland). Fatal cases were investigated using toxicological, anatomopathological, and histopathological tests. Water samples were collected to determine nutrient status in the water column, phytoplankton biomass, and community composition. High nutrient concentrations indicated high phytoplankton productivity, with favorable conditions for golden algal blooms. The harmful toxins (prymnesins secreted by Prymnesium parvum habitats) had not been found in Poland before, but it was only a matter of time, especially in the Odra River, whose waters are permanently saline and still used for navigation. The observed fish mortality resulted in a 50% decrease in the fish population in the river and affected mainly cold-blooded species. Histopathological examinations of fish showed acute damage to the most perfused organs (gills, spleen, kidneys). The disruption to hematopoietic processes and damage to the gills were due to the action of hemolytic toxins (prymnesins). An evaluation of the collected hydrological, meteorological, biological, and physico-chemical data on the observed spatio-temporal course of the catastrophe, as well as the detection of three compounds from the group of B-type prymnesins in the analyzed material (the presence of prymnesins was confirmed using an analysis of the fragmentation spectrum and the accurate tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) measurement, in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), allowed the formulation and subsequent testing of the hypothesis for a direct link between the observed fish mortality and the presence of prymnesins in the Odra River. This article systematizes what is known about the causes of the fish kill in the Odra River in 2022, based on official government reports (one Polish and one German) and the EU technical report by the Joint Research Centre. A review and critical analysis of government findings (Polish and German) on this disaster were conducted in the context of what is known to date about similar cases of mass fish kills. https://hdl.handle.net/10481/83858