Departamento de Economía Aplicada

Cost-effectiveness of percent free PSA for prostate cancer detection in men with a total PSA of 4-10 ng/ml

Cost-effectiveness of percent free PSA for prostate cancer detection in men with a total PSA of 4-10 ng/ml Bermúdez Tamayo, Clara; Martín Martín, José Jesús; López Del Amo González, María Del Puerto; Pérez Romero, Carmen Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of two diagnostic strategies for prostate cancer in men with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels of 4–10 ng/ml and normal digital rectal examination (DRE). Design: Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using a decision tree model. Data collection and a systematic review of patients at the Urology Department (Carlos Haya Hospital) were made. 101 patients over the age of 40 with PSA levels of 4–10 ng/ml and normal DRE were selected. Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) and percent free PSA testing prior to TRUS-Bx were performed. The outcome measures used were the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, and costs were calculated through activity-based costing. The effectiveness was measured by means of the number of detected cases, test utility and actual cases (detected cases minus lost cases). Results: Using base-case analysis, the strategy of percent free PSA + TRUS-Bx was found to be the most cost-effective. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for free PSA + TRUS-Bx compared with TRUS-Bx was EUR 2,277.40. Strategy 2 (TRUS-Bx) would be more cost-effective if the cost of percent free PSA increased to EUR 21.64 or if prostate cancer prevalence increased to 26%. Conclusions: The use of percent free PSA prior to TRUS-Bx is the most cost-effective diagnostic strategy. However, this result is very sensitive and strategy 2 (TRUS-Bx) would be more cost-effective if the cost of the percent free PSA increased to EUR 21.64 or if the prevalence of prostate cancer increased to above 26%. This study was conducted by the Andalusian School of Public Health under contract to the Health Technologies Assessment Agency. Funding was also provided by the Epidemiology and Public Health Centers Network.

Women's autonomy and the evaluation of the information available on the Internet on hormone therapy after menopause

Women's autonomy and the evaluation of the information available on the Internet on hormone therapy after menopause Babio, Gastón; Márquez Calderón, Soledad; García-Gutiérrez, José Francisco; Bermúdez Tamayo, Clara; Plazaola Castaño, Juncal; Ruiz Pérez, Isabel This study was designed to examine the information in Spanish, provided by different Web sites, related to hormone therapy and climacteric symptoms. Web sites evaluated included those belonging to government and scientific institutions and to a miscellaneous group. In Web sites in Spanish, there was more extensive information on the benefits of hormone therapy than there were on other items. The Web sites of governmental institutions provided significantly more information on the risks (P G .01) and benefits (P = .02) of hormone therapy than did the other sites. Governmental institutions from the United States, unlike those from Spain, did not make recommendations regarding when hormone therapy should be considered and instead emphasized the woman’s decision. The variability of information in Spanish on hormone therapy and postmenopausal symptoms presented on the Internet is related to the organization responsible for the Web site. Besides, cultural differences in the concept of patient autonomy could partly explain the differences in emphasis made on women’s role in the decisionmaking process.

Factores asociados a la hospitalización por procesos sensibles a cuidados ambulatorios en los municipios

Factores asociados a la hospitalización por procesos sensibles a cuidados ambulatorios en los municipios Márquez Calderón, Soledad; Rodríguez del Águila, María del Mar; Perea-Milla, Emilio; Ortiz, Juan; Bermúdez Tamayo, Clara Objetivos: Describir la variabilidad en las tasas de hospitalización por procesos sensibles a cuidados ambulatorios (PSCA) entre municipios del área de referencia de un hospital de tercer nivel, y determinar la influencia de las características de la atención primaria, los factores socioeconómicos, el nivel de salud de la población y la accesibilidad geográfica al hospital. Método: Se realizó un estudio ecológico en 34 municipios del área del Hospital Virgen de las Nieves (Granada), abarcando todas las hospitalizaciones por PSCA de 1997 a 1999. Las tasas de hospitalización se calcularon por separado para varones y mujeres y se estandarizaron por el método indirecto según la edad. Se exploraron como variables independientes las siguientes: características de la atención primaria (tipo de modelo y centro), socioeconómicas (desempleo, renta, comercios, tamaño del municipio), de salud (mortalidad) y accesibilidad (crona: minutos desde el municipio al hospital). Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: El 9,8% de los ingresos ocurridos en el hospital fueron por PSCA. La tasa media anual fue de 10 ingresos por 1.000 habitantes, siendo superior en varones y en los mayores de 74 años. En el 56% de los municipios las razones de hospitalización estandarizadas no fueron estadísticamente diferentes de 1, en un 26% fueron menores y en un 18%, mayores. Un 62% de la variabilidad en las tasas de los varones se explicó por la crona al hospital, el tamaño del municipio, la interacción entre ambas variables y la mortalidad. Las tasas en mujeres se explicaron en un 18% por la crona y la tasa de desempleo. Conclusiones: La variabilidad de las tasas de hospitalización por PSCA no se asoció a las características de la atención primaria en el ámbito geográfico estudiado. La mayor accesibilidad en tiempo al hospital fue la única variable asociada a mayores tasas en varones y mujeres. Las tasas en mujeres fueron superiores cuanto mayor era el desempleo, y las tasas en varones fueron más altas en los pueblos grandes y con mayor mortalidad.; Objectives To describe variability in admission rates for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ASSC) in municipalities in the catchment area of a tertiary hospital and to determine the influence of primary care characteristics, socioeconomic factors, health of the population, and geographical accessibility to the hospital on this variability. Methods An ecological study was carried out in 34 municipalities in the area served by the Hospital Virgen de las Nieves in Granada (Spain) including all admissions for ASSC from 1997 to 1999. The admission rates for men and women were calculated separately and were age-standardized by the indirect method. The following factors were analyzed as independent variables: characteristics of primary care (type of healthcare model and type of center), socioeconomic factors (unemployment rate, income per capita, number of business establishments, size of municipality), health (mortality rate), and accessibility (time in minutes from the municipality to the hospital). A multiple lineal regression model was estimated. Results A total of 9.8% of all hospital admissions were due to ASSC. The mean annual admission rate was 10 admissions per 1.000 inhabitants. This rate was higher for men and for persons aged more than 74 years. The standardized admission ratios were not statistically different from 1 in 56% of the municipalities and were higher than 1 in 26% and lower than 1 in 18%. Sixty-two percent of the variability in rates for men was associated with time taken to reach the hospital, size of municipality, the interaction between both variables, and mortality. Eighteen percent of the variability in rates for women was associated with time taken to reach the hospital and the unemployment rate. Conclusions Variability in admission rates for ASSC was not associated with primary care characteristics in the geographical area analyzed. Accessibility (measured as time to the hospital) was the only variable associated with higher rates in both men and women. Admission rates for ASSC among women were higher when unemployment rates were higher, and rates among men were higher in larger municipalities and in those with higher mortality. Este estudio ha sido financiado con una ayuda de investigación de la Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (149/99).

Use of Social Media by Spanish Hospitals: Perceptions, Difficulties, and Success Factors

Use of Social Media by Spanish Hospitals: Perceptions, Difficulties, and Success Factors Bermúdez Tamayo, Clara; Alba-Ruiz, Ruben; Jiménez-Pernett, Jaime; García-Gutiérrez, José Francisco; Traver-Salcedo, Vicente; Yubraham-Sánchez, David This exploratory study has two aims: (1) to find out if and how social media (SM) applications are used by hospitals in Spain and (2) to assess hospital managers’ perception of these applications in terms of their evaluation of them, reasons for use, success factors, and difficulties encountered during their implementation. A cross-sectional survey has been carried out using Spanish hospitals as the unit of analysis. Geographical differences in the use of SM were found. Social networks are used most often by larger hospitals (30% by medium-size, 28% by largesize). They are also more frequently used by public hospitals (19%, p < 0.01) than by private ones. Respondents with a negative perception of SM felt that there is a chance they may be abused by healthcare professionals, whereas those with a positive perception believed that they can be used to improve communication both within and outside the hospital. Reasons for the use of SM include the idea of maximizing exposure of the hospital. The results show that Spanish hospitals are only just beginning to use SM applications and that hospital type can influence their use. The perceptions, reasons for use, success factors, and difficulties encountered during the implementation of SM mean that it is very important for healthcare professionals to use SM correctly and adequately. This work was supported by Grant Number SAS-111 217 from the Consejería de Salud, a component of the Junta de Andalucía.

Budget impact of a program for safely reducing caesarean sections in Canada

Budget impact of a program for safely reducing caesarean sections in Canada Bermúdez Tamayo, Clara; Johri, Mira; Chaillet, Nils Introduction audits of indications for cesarean section (CS), feedback for health professionals, and implementation of best practices, as compared with usual care (QUARISMA study), resulted in a small reduction in the rate of CS in Quebec and important cost savings from a health care payer perspective. Determining the budget impact would enable estimation of the financial consequences if the program is extended nationwide. Material and methods a retrospective pre-post study design was used to estimate cost prior to and after the implementation of QUARISMA in Quebec (105,351 subjects). A prospective analysis was performed to measure the budget impact in Canada’s provinces. The primary analytic perspective was that of the Minister of Health, for a 4-year time horizon. Data were taken from the trial for Quebec and extrapolated to Canada’s provinces. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by varying more than one probability at a time. Findings over 4 years, there was a decrease of more than $7.8 million in CS burden in Quebec, $11.9 million in vaginal birth and $9.8 million for neonatal complications. The impact on high-risk women was lower than that on low-risk. In years 1 and 2, the provinces would have to cover the cost of program implementation. Conclusions QUARISMA led to savings of $27 million in Quebec over 4 years. In the short to medium term, extending the QUARISMA program nationwide could lead to savings of $150.5 million. Supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (200702MCT−171307-RFA-CFCF−153236 and MOP 81275), and the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs (FIS Exp. PI13/01340).