Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrologíahttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/318192024-03-29T07:00:14Z2024-03-29T07:00:14ZLime mortar consolidation with nanostructured calcium hydroxide dispersions: The efficacy of different consolidating products for heritage conservationArizzi, AnnaGomez-Villalba, Luz StellaLopez-Arce, PaulaCultrone, Giuseppe V.Fort, Rafaelhttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/888882024-02-09T13:11:44ZLime mortar consolidation with nanostructured calcium hydroxide dispersions: The efficacy of different consolidating products for heritage conservation
Arizzi, Anna; Gomez-Villalba, Luz Stella; Lopez-Arce, Paula; Cultrone, Giuseppe V.; Fort, Rafael
This paper analyses the efficacy of dispersions of nanoparticles of calcium hydroxide for consolidating lime mortars,
according to three variables: the type of dispersion (three consolidating compounds—CaLoSil , Nanorestore and Merck —with
different-sized calcium hydroxide particles); the concentration of the dispersion (5 and 25 g/L of Ca(OH)2 in isopropyl alcohol); and
the state of the sample (comparison of saturated and non-saturated samples). The outcome of the consolidation process was studied in
terms of improved carbonation of the mortar, mineralogy (by means of X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses), texture
(study of the porosity by mercury intrusion porosimetry) and compactness (measurement of ultrasonic velocity propagation through
samples). To ensure that the treatment had no negative effects on the physical characteristics of the mortars, we performed
microstructural (phase morphology studied by means of scanning electron microscopy) and aesthetic (colour and lightness measured
by spectrophotometry) analyses. Of the different dispersions, CaLoSil at 5 g/L produced the most significant improvement in the
degree of carbonation and in the compactness of the mortar, thanks to the precipitation of small crystals of calcite and aragonite in the
pores located between the matrix and the aggregate grains. This product also caused the least significant chromatic changes (slight
decrease in lightness and yellowing) and the greatest increase in ultrasonic propagation velocity through the mortar samples. This
research has specific application in restoration work that involves consolidation of lime mortars, especially in tropical climates or in
confined environments with high humidity levels (such as deep hypogea).
Mortars and Plasters – How to characterise hydraulic mortarsArizzi, AnnaCultrone, Giuseppe V.https://hdl.handle.net/10481/888842024-02-09T13:01:07ZMortars and Plasters – How to characterise hydraulic mortars
Arizzi, Anna; Cultrone, Giuseppe V.
Mortars are heterogeneous building materials whose raw materials, manufacturing processes and application conditions have
evolved continuously throughout history. The fact that apparently small changes in the components or dosages of mortars can
affect their overall performance in the masonry makes the study of historic mortars a complex task that needs to be tackled via a
multidisciplinary approach, with the support of complementary analytical techniques from the field of chemistry, mineralogy,
physics and engineering, among others. This review is intended to be a useful tool for researchers working in the field of
archaeology and/or cultural heritage conservation, as it offers a complete overview of the most widely accepted analytical
techniques and physical-mechanical tests used in the characterisation of historic mortars and plasters. Although the methods
described here are common to both air-hardening and hydraulic mortars, we focus above all on the latter, paying special attention
to aspects relating to the chemical, mineralogical and petrographic investigation of the calcium silicate and aluminate hydrated
phases that may indicate the use of one or other hydraulic binder in historic mortars, all this taking into account and discussing the
practical aspects, drawbacks and limitations of each technique. European standards for the study of mortars are also addressed in
this paper.
Investigating the manufacturing technology and durability of lime mortars from Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain): a chemical-mineralogical and physical studyPonce Antón, GracielaArizzi, AnnaCultrone, Giuseppe V.Zuluaga, María CruzOrtega, Luis ÁngelAgirre Mauleon, Juantxohttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/888792024-02-09T12:53:58ZInvestigating the manufacturing technology and durability of lime mortars from Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain): a chemical-mineralogical and physical study
Ponce Antón, Graciela; Arizzi, Anna; Cultrone, Giuseppe V.; Zuluaga, María Cruz; Ortega, Luis Ángel; Agirre Mauleon, Juantxo
Mineralogical, chemical and physical characterization of archaeological lime mortars from different
structures at Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain) was accomplished in order to comprehend their durability.
Mortars from the south-west of the 16th century filling and bastion, and the south-east mortars of
the17th century bastion are the most susceptible to deterioration due to their textural features. The high
porosity and water absorption capacity, the poor interconnection of pores and slow drying are the main
factors contributing to deterioration of mortar at Amaiur Castle. The mineralogical study enabled an
approach to the technological knowledge used in the lime mortar manufacturing process at Amaiur
Castle. Hydrotalcite and hydromagnesite identified in the mortar binder support the use of the traditional
hot-mixing method during mortar manufacturing. This work provides valuable references for the formulation
of compatible repair mortars to ensure suitable conservation of the castle as well as of other
ancient structures built with similar materials.
Optimization of lime and clay-based hemp-concrete wall formulations for a successful lime renderingArizzi, AnnaBrummer, MonikaMartín Sánchez, InésMolina Piernas, EduardoCultrone , Giuseppe V.https://hdl.handle.net/10481/888752024-02-09T12:38:25ZOptimization of lime and clay-based hemp-concrete wall formulations for a successful lime rendering
Arizzi, Anna; Brummer, Monika; Martín Sánchez, Inés; Molina Piernas, Eduardo; Cultrone , Giuseppe V.
Different pathologies may arise on a wall finish if this is applied on a hemp-based rammed wall that is not
completely dry. By simulating uneven drying and early-rendering of load-bearing and non-load-bearing
hemp concrete blocks (made with natural hydraulic lime only or a mix of lime with clay) and studying
them by means of chromatic, microbiological, textural and morphological investigations, we found that:
it is advisable to wait at least ten weeks before rendering; adding clay to hemp concrete delays drying,
leading to more intense deterioration of the render; natural hydraulic lime is the preferred binder for rendering
hemp concrete.
Comparing the pozzolanic activity of aerial lime mortars made with metakaolin and fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue: a petrographic and physical-mechanical studyArizzi, AnnaCultrone, Giuseppe V.https://hdl.handle.net/10481/888742024-02-09T12:33:17ZComparing the pozzolanic activity of aerial lime mortars made with metakaolin and fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue: a petrographic and physical-mechanical study
Arizzi, Anna; Cultrone, Giuseppe V.
We investigated the viability of a fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FC3R) as an alternative sustainable
pozzolanic additive in aerial lime mortars. The pozzolanic activity of FC3R was compared to that of
metakaolin (MK) by chemical-mineralogical, petrographic and physical investigations. The FC3R showed
lower pozzolanic activity than MK when added to aerial lime mortars, owed to the size of FC3R particles
that generate less hydrated phases and give place to lower mechanical resistances in mortars. We also
demonstrated that FC3R is not a compatible material for use in repair mortars, due to the formation of
the harmful soluble salt ettringite