https://hdl.handle.net/10481/28773 2026-04-17T23:24:24Z 2026-04-17T23:24:24Z Amaro Gahete, Francisco José De la O Puerta, Alejandro Jurado Fasoli, Lucas Ruiz Ruiz, Jonatan Castillo, Manuel J. https://hdl.handle.net/10481/61652 2021-06-15T13:18:29Z

Association of basal metabolic rate and fuel oxidation in basal conditions and during exercise, with plasma S‐klotho: the FIT‐AGEING study Amaro Gahete, Francisco José; De la O Puerta, Alejandro; Jurado Fasoli, Lucas; Ruiz Ruiz, Jonatan; Castillo, Manuel J. S‐klotho, the shed form of α‐klotho, is thought to be an ageing suppressor with functions related to the physiology of energy metabolism. However, it remains unknown whether ageing biomarkers such as S‐klotho and/or chronological ageing are associated in any way with basal metabolic rate (BMR) and fuel oxidation in basal conditions and during exercise. The present work investigates the association of BMR and fuel oxidation in basal conditions and during exercise, with plasma S‐klotho in middle‐aged, sedentary adults. BMR was measured by indirect calorimetry in 74 such subjects (53% women; age 53.7±5.1 years) following standard procedures, and their fuel oxidation estimated via stoichiometric equations. The maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the intensity of exercise that elicits MFO (Fatmax) were determined using a walking graded exercise test. No relationship was seen between BMR and plasma S‐klotho (P>0.1), although both basal fat oxidation and MFO showed positive associations with this protein (both P<0.001); these relationships persisted after controlling for age, sex and fat mass. However, no significant associations were seen between BMR, basal fat oxidation or MFO and chronological age (all P>0.1). The present findings suggest that basal fat oxidation and MFO are strongly associated with plasma S‐klotho in middle‐aged sedentary adults. These results support the idea that metabolic flexibility is a powerful predictor of biological ageing.

Amaro Gahete, Francisco José Sánchez-Delgado, Guillermo Helge, Jorn W. Ruiz Ruiz, Jonatan https://hdl.handle.net/10481/60107 2021-06-15T13:18:28Z

Optimizing Maximal Fat Oxidation Assessment by a Treadmill-Based Graded Exercise Protocol: When Should the Test End? Amaro Gahete, Francisco José; Sánchez-Delgado, Guillermo; Helge, Jorn W.; Ruiz Ruiz, Jonatan Maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the exercise intensity eliciting MFO (Fatmax) are considered important factors related to metabolic health and performance. Numerous MFO and Fatmax data collection and analysis approaches have been applied, which may have influenced their estimation during an incremental graded exercise protocol. Despite the heterogeneity of protocols used, all studies consistently stopped the MFO and Fatmax test when the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was 1.0. It remains unknown however whether reaching a RER of 1.0 is required to have an accurate, reliable, and valid measure of MFO and Fatmax. We aimed to investigate the RER at which MFO and Fatmax occurred in sedentary and trained healthy adults. A total of 166 sedentary adults aged between 18 and 65 years participated in the study. MFO and Fatmax were calculated by an incremental graded exercise protocol before and after two exercise-based interventions. Our findings suggest that a graded exercise protocol aiming to determine MFO and Fatmax could end when a RER = 0.93 is reached in sedentary healthy adults, and when a RER = 0.90 is reached in trained adults independently of sex, age, body weight status, or the Fatmax data analysis approach. In conclusion, we suggest reducing the RER from 1.0 to 0.95 to be sure that MFO is reached in outliers. This methodological consideration has important clinical implications, since it would allow to apply smaller workload increments and/or to extend the stage duration to attain the steady state, without increasing the test duration.

Amaro Gahete, Francisco José De la O Puerta, Alejandro Jurado Fasoli, Lucas Dote Montero, Manuel Gutiérrez Sáinz, Ángel Ruiz Ruiz, Jonatan Castillo, Manuel J. https://hdl.handle.net/10481/60105 2021-07-15T10:40:41Z

Changes in Physical Fitness After 12 Weeks of Structured Concurrent Exercise Training, High Intensity Interval Training, or Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Training in Sedentary Middle-Aged Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial Amaro Gahete, Francisco José; De la O Puerta, Alejandro; Jurado Fasoli, Lucas; Dote Montero, Manuel; Gutiérrez Sáinz, Ángel; Ruiz Ruiz, Jonatan; Castillo, Manuel J. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different exercise training modalities [(i) a concurrent training based on physical activity recommendation from the World Health Organization group (PAR group), (ii) a high intensity interval training group (HIIT group), and (iii) a high intensity interval training adding whole-body electromyostimulation group (WB-EMS group)] on physical fitness in sedentary middle-aged adults. A total of 89 (52.7% women) middle-aged sedentary adults (53.7 5.1 years old) were enrolled in the FIT-AGING study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by a maximum treadmill test using indirect calorimetry. Lower, upper, and core body muscular strength were assessed by an isokinetic strength test, by the handgrip strength test, and by several core strength endurance tests, respectively. All the exercise types induced similar increases on cardiorespiratory fitness (1 VO2max > 11%, 1 maximal heart rate > 8%, and 1 total test duration > 14%; all P < 0.034), as well as on muscular strength (1 extension and flexion peak torque > 10%, 1 total hand grip < 3%, 1 core strength endurance tests > 20%; all P < 0.050) compared with a control group. In conclusion, our results suggest that a 12-week structured exercise intervention improves physical fitness regardless of the training program in sedentary middle-aged adults. Despite slightly greater improvements in some physical fitness variables, the changes observed in the WB-EMS group were not superior to the other exercise programs.

Lin, Yi Mouratidou, Theodora Vereecken, Carine Kersting, Mathilde Bolca, Selin Moraes, Augusto César F. de Cuenca-García, Magdalena Moreno, L. A. González Gross, Marcela Valtueña, Jara Labayen, Idoia Grammatikaki, Evangelia Hallstrom, Lena Leclercq, Catherine Ferrari, Marika Gottrand, Frederic Beghin, Laurent Manios, Yannis Ottevaere, Charlene Oyen, Herman van Molnar, Dénes Kafatos, A. Widhalm, Kurt Gómez-Martínez, Sonia Díaz Prieto, Ligia Esperanza Henauw, Stefaan de Huybrechts, Inge HELENA study group https://hdl.handle.net/10481/34982 2021-06-15T13:18:51Z

Dietary animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with obesity and cardio-metabolic indicators in European adolescents: the HELENA cross-sectional study Lin, Yi; Mouratidou, Theodora; Vereecken, Carine; Kersting, Mathilde; Bolca, Selin; Moraes, Augusto César F. de; Cuenca-García, Magdalena; Moreno, L. A.; González Gross, Marcela; Valtueña, Jara; Labayen, Idoia; Grammatikaki, Evangelia; Hallstrom, Lena; Leclercq, Catherine; Ferrari, Marika; Gottrand, Frederic; Beghin, Laurent; Manios, Yannis; Ottevaere, Charlene; Oyen, Herman van; Molnar, Dénes; Kafatos, A.; Widhalm, Kurt; Gómez-Martínez, Sonia; Díaz Prieto, Ligia Esperanza; Henauw, Stefaan de; Huybrechts, Inge; HELENA study group Background: Previous studies suggest that dietary protein might play a beneficial role in combating obesity and its related chronic diseases. Total, animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with anthropometry and serum biomarkers in European adolescents using one standardised methodology across European countries are not well documented.; Objectives: To evaluate total, animal and plant protein intakes in European adolescents stratified by gender and age, and to investigate their associations with cardio-metabolic indicators (anthropometry and biomarkers).; Methods: The current analysis included 1804 randomly selected adolescents participating in the HELENA study (conducted in 2006–2007) aged 12.5-17.5 y (47% males) who completed two non-consecutive computerised 24-h dietary recalls. Associations between animal and plant protein intakes, and anthropometry and serum biomarkers were examined with General linear Model multivariate analysis.; Results: Average total protein intake exceeded the recommendations of World Health Organization and European Food Safety Authority. Mean total protein intake was 96 g/d (59% derived from animal protein). Total, animal and plant protein intakes (g/d) were significantly lower in females than in males and total and plant protein intakes were lower in younger participants (12.5-14.9 y). Protein intake was significantly lower in underweight subjects and higher in obese ones; the direction of the relationship was reversed after adjustments for body weight (g/(kg.d)). The inverse association of plant protein intakes was stronger with BMI z-score and body fat percentage (BF%) compared to animal protein intakes. Additionally, BMI and BF% were positively associated with energy percentage of animal protein.; Conclusions: This sample of European adolescents appeared to have adequate total protein intake. Our findings suggest that plant protein intakes may play a role in preventing obesity among European adolescents. Further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the potential beneficial effects observed in this study in the prevention of obesity and related chronic diseases.

González Gross, Marcela Gómez-Lorente, J. J. Valtueña, Jara Ortiz, J. C. Meléndez, A. https://hdl.handle.net/10481/32938 2021-06-15T13:18:49Z

The "healthy lifestyle guide pyramid" for children and adolescents González Gross, Marcela; Gómez-Lorente, J. J.; Valtueña, Jara; Ortiz, J. C.; Meléndez, A. Introduction: Increasing evidence demonstrates that risk factors for chronic diseases are established during childhood and adolescence. Consensus about the need to increase prevention efforts makes the adoption of a healthy lifestyle seem desirable from early childhood onwards. After reviewing educational tools for children and adolescents aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle, it was recognized that there was a need to develop a simple educational tool specifically designed for these age groups. Methods: Development of the healthy lifestyle pyramid for children and adolescents. Results: We propose a three-dimensional, truncated and staggered pyramid with 4 faces and a base, which introduces a completely new concept that goes beyond other published pyramids. Each of the faces is oriented towards achieving a different goal. Two faces (faces 1 and 2) are formulated around achieving a goal on a daily basis (daily food intake, face 1, and daily activities, face 2). Face 3 is an adaptation of the traditional food guide pyramid, adapted to children’s energy, nutritional and hydration needs. Face 4 deals with both daily and life-long habits. On the base of the pyramid, there is advice about adequate nutrition alternating with advice about physical activity and sports. Conclusion: The Healthy Lifestyle Pyramid© is specifically developed for children and adolescents according to current scientific knowledge and evidence-based data and includes easy-to-follow advice and full colour pictures. Following these guidelines should improve health and reduce risk factors, promoting enjoyable and appropriate development towards adulthood.; Introducción: En la actualidad, existe evidencia científica de que los factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas se establecen durante la infancia y la adolescencia. La adopción de un estilo de vida saludable parece deseable desde edades tempranas existiendo un consenso cada vez mayor hacia la prevención. Al revisar las herramientas educativas existentes para niños y adolescentes dirigidas a la mejora de la adquisición de un estilo de vida saludable, se advirtió de la necesidad de desarrollar un instrumento educativo desarrollado específicamente para estos grupos de edad. Métodos: Desarrollo de la pirámide de estilo de vida saludable para los niños y adolescentes. Resultados: Nuestra propuesta trata de una pirámide tridimensional con 4 caras y una base, truncada y escalonada, introduciendo un nuevo concepto que va más allá de lo publicado en otras pirámides. Cada una de las caras se orienta hacia la consecución de un objetivo. Las dos primeras caras (caras 1 y 2) se han formulado con el fin de lograr un objetivo sobre una base diaria (alimentación diaria, la cara 1, frente a las actividades diarias la cara 2). La Cara 3 es una adaptación de la tradicional pirámide de alimentos, adecuada a las necesidades de energía, nutrientes e hidratación de los niños. La Cara 4 muestra los hábitos de higiene y salud que se deben mantener durante toda la vida. En la base de la pirámide, se alternan mensajes sobre la nutrición adecuada con mensajes relacionados con la actividad física y el deporte. Conclusión: La Pirámide del Estilo de Vida Saludable© se ha desarrollado específicamente para niños y adolescentes, teniendo en cuenta los actuales conocimientos científicos. Incluye mensajes fáciles de entender e imágenes a todo color. El seguimiento de estas directrices debería contribuir a mejorar la salud y a la reducción de los factores de riesgo en la edad adulta, al tiempo que se divierten y crecen de una manera aconsejable.