Turkological and Ottomanic legacy of A.Y. Krymsky and Oriental studies in Russia (1896 – 1941)

Research of the Turkic (including Asia Minor), social-political, cultural and ethnolinguistic space of Eurasia is a significant and long-standing tradition of practical and academic research centers of Russia and Europe, including Ukraine. The Turkic (including Ottoman) political and cultural legacy played an especially important role in the history and culture of the peoples of Russia, Ukraine and modern Turkic states. Famous states and societies of the Turkic world (Turkish Khaganates, Volga Bulgaria, the Ulus of Jochi, the Ottoman Empire and other states of the Middle Ages and the modern period), the geographical and historical-cultural areas that were traditionally occupied by Turkic peoples of the Russian and Ottoman empires and Eurasia in general became a subject of academic research done by Russian and European orientalists (experts on Turkic and Ottoman history and culture) of the 19th – early 20th centuries. A. Y. Krymsky made an enormous contribution into the research of the history and culture of Turkic peoples of Eurasia, and any further studies of his rich academic legacy in Turkology and Ottoman studies during the main periods of his work in Moscow and Kiev remain of great relevance.


INTRODUCTION
The biography and academic legacy of A.Y. Krymsky was extensively covered in Russian, Ukrainian and, in part, foreign historiography 1 . At the same time further research of his numerous academic works in Turkology and Ottoman studies remains relevant. In the 18thearly 20th centuries, in the Academy of Sciences and universities of the Russian Empire Turkology and Ottoman studies were a part of the general discipline of Oriental studies, but in addition to being important academic fields on their own they also became the foundation for developing schools of humanities of various peoples of Russia. Their scholarly activities and heritage include a wide variety of scientific, educational, geographical, political and socio-cultural materials about the Turkic socio-political and ethno-cultural world in general and the Ottoman state and society in particular. Their work is a clear evidence of the phenomenon of complexity and interdisciplinarity of Russian Oriental studies, including Turkology and Ottoman studies. The academic paradigm of Orientalism, which persisted until the first decades of the twentieth century, is very symbolic. The 'Program of the competition for scholars who wish to get the position of an adjunct for Islamic languages and literature in the Imperial Academy of Sciences' (1856) contained a detailed list of requirements for applicants. The applicant had to know "(1) thoroughly the following languages: Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, having an equally thorough knowledge of the history and literature of the three main Muslim peoples. It is desirable, moreover, that he should be informed about Semitic languages in General, particularly Syriac and Ethiopian, and be able to use this information in his scientific research. (2) He should have knowledge of antiquities, especially the numismatics of the Muslim peoples. Finally, (3) it is necessary that he should have proper knowledge of the classical languages and of those of the modern ones that are most necessary in order to follow all the learned researches and discourses about the East." 2

MATERIAL AND METHOD
The primary methodology of this study is based on the system of various modern principles and ideasphilosophical, epistemological and logical onesthat play a defining role in studying trends and objective contents of the history of Oriental studies in Russia and Europe, the centers of academic Asian and African studies of Russia and Europe and the academic heritage of the founders of Oriental education and research. The authors of the paper use a system of methodsboth general ones characteristic of Asian and African studies and specific ones borrowed from other social sciences and humanities. The leading methodological principle is the historical or historical-scientific principle based on the involvement of original archival materials. collected in the Ἡ Παναγία Χρυσοκέφαλος mosque 11 . I will probably finish In a week or about ten days and then I will return to Moscow. <...> There is no need to describe what I am seeing in Trebizond. The research results will be published in the report, while as for my personal conclusions <...> well, you have an approximate idea of the state of an occupied city. I think that in Tehran it is about the same as here. Once again, perhaps, I was convinced that we have common interests not with the Greeks, but with the Turks." 12 The first publications of A.Y. Krymsky were literary translations into Ukrainian of famous poetic and other works from Turkish, Persian and Arab literature (Omar Khayyam, Antarah ibn Shaddad, One Thousand and One Nights, etc.). Summarizing the results of the research of song folklore done by European and Russian scholars, A.Y. Krymsky noted: "As we can see, very little has been done so far to study the songwriting works of the Ottoman Turks, and Kunosh, during the eleventh Congress of orientalists, had a good reason to complain about linguists and ethnographers neglecting Ottoman folk songs, as well as all the folklore of the Ottomans in general." 13 Preparation and publication of articles called 'Jalal ad-Din Rumi (1207-1263)' (1893) and 'Karagöz' (1895) as well as several other Turkic-themed articles in the 'Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron' in the first half of the 1890s formed and developed a new line of scientific and educational searches for A.Y. Krymsky in the field of Turkology and Ottoman studies. According to A.Y. Krymsky, "Jalal ad-Din Rumi (1207-1263) was the greatest mystical (Sufi) poet of Persia and the entire Muslim world, "the Nightingale of contemplative life". The nickname Rumi means "of Asia Minor" 14 , and Karagöz is the main figure in the traditional Turkish shadow play or puppet theater. He is a black-eyed ("kara-göz") man, roguish, a lovelace, bearing a significant resemblance to the famous Russian puppet Petrushka or the French Polichinelle. Due to its priapic features, Karagöz constantly falls into thousands of comic and tragicomic positions; the play "Karagöza victim of his own chastity" is considered especially comic." 15 Also, during his studies at the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Manuscripts and Moscow University, as well as during the Kiev period of his work A.Y. Krysmky published several historical and cultural articles in the "Encyclopedic Dictionary" and the "New Encyclopedic Dictionary" of Brockhaus and Efron and the "Granat Encyclopedic Dictionary": "Kadin" (1894), "Karagöz" (1895), "Kilij Arslan I", "Kilij Arslan II" (1896), "Mehmed I" (1896), "Namık Kemal Bey" (1897), "Necati" (1897), "Hoca Sadeddin Efendi" (1899), "Seljuqs" In 1820 -1835 St. Petersburg University saw the formation of the system of university teaching of the Turkish (Ottoman) language, proposed by O.I. Senkovsky (1800 -1858) in 1823, taught "privately and not systematically" and finally approved by the Charter of the University in 1835. According to the University Charter of 1835, teaching of Turkish was officially introduced into the curricula of Russian universities. Poetic, literary and historical works of Turkish authors and "other Ottoman sources" were the training base for professors and teachers in the teaching of Turkish at Russian universities in the first half of the 19th century. "On December 8, 1839, the first independent Department of the Turkish (Ottoman) language was established at the University, and it was headed by A.O. Mukhlinsky (1808 -1877). This event was the beginning of the "systematic teaching of the main turkological disciplines at St. Petersburg University" 16 . The "sections of Arabic-Persian-Turkish-Tatar literature" at universities became the key institutional base for the development of Russian Turkology and Ottoman studies in the 19thearly 20th century. In the 1820s -1830s, an educational and methodological base for teaching the "Turkish-Tatar" language in the First Kazan Grammar School and the Imperial Kazan University was formed, and it was associated with the work of Mirza A. К. Kazem-Bek, in addition to the teaching of the Old Tatar language in these educational institutions by Tatar scholars and educatorsrepresentatives of the Khalfin dynasty 17 . In October of 1833 the Kazan school district submitted the "Draft of additional Charter and staff for the First Kazan Grammar School, for teaching Oriental languages in it" to the Ministry of National Education. In his submission, the Trustee of the District in 1827-1845 M.N. Musin-Pushkin (1795-1862) noted that "to Arabic, Persian, Tatar and Mongolian, I added Turkish, finding it, due to the close ties between Russia and Turkey, as necessary as the other languages" 18  In October of 1835, Professor Alexander Kazem-Bek outlined a plan for compiling "a complete textbook necessary for the successful teaching of the Turkish language in Russia at <...> the University and the grammar school." 19 He planned to compile a grammar, an anthology and a dictionary of the Turkish language within 4 years. The first textbook was to consist of the rules of Turkish grammar. Mirza Kazem-Bek intended to pay special attention "to deviations from these rules existing in other major Turkic dialects, explaining the reasons for such a change as far as possible" 20  Oriental studies, including Turkology an Ottoman studies, as the basic fields of education and research in the Russian university structure of the early modern age were becoming organic components in the implementation of the European ideals of a classical university, in the "rise and expansion of science", "increment in scholarly knowledge", in the development of intellectual capabilities and personal qualities of the students, etc. The University charters of 1804, 1835, 1863, 1884 developed the institutional bases of the models of classical and applied Turkology and Ottoman studies in the higher educational institutions of Russia. The trend of academic Oriental studies narrowing its focus and creating many niche specialties that continued throughout the 19th century was associated with the requirements of the "pure science", as well as training personnel for state service in the Empire. Russian universities became the most important institutional structure of Turkic and Ottoman studies. In general, the development of academic knowledge about Turkic peoples and the Ottoman Empire in Russian universities was predetermined by various geopolitical, political and cultural factors. The high domestic and international renown of the Russian school and Russian centers of Turkology and Ottoman studies was largely associated with the research of the classical and modern cycles. There are two key institutional trends in Russian Turkic and Ottoman studies: the traditional approach of regional research and culture studies and the problem-based approach. Both the published and the hand-written legacy of A.Y. Krymsky also testifies to these traditions and innovations. Russian Turkology was multi-ethnic. In the second half of the 18th century, curriculums of general educational institutions (and in the early 19th century universities as well) began to include Turkic languages. These The key feature of the generalizing Turkic and Ottoman studies conducted by A.Y. Krymsky is that his early works on this subject were consolidated manuals for students of the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages, and some of his works of that time have been preserved only in manuscript form. In particular, 'Grammar of the Turkish language' 35 and 'Scientific and practical course of Turkish' 36 were not published. In the 1918s and 1920s, after A.Y. Krymsky moved to Kiev, a new turn was outlined in his biography in general and in his Turkic and Ottoman research work in particular. It was then that the paradigm he had formulated in a letter to D.I. Bagaley in a letter dated February 2, 1924 became fundamental to him. The quote from that letter is: "My 'History of Turkey' is in half the history of Ukraine." 37 In the mid-1920s A.Y. Krymsky started preparing a Turkish language course for Ukrainian students. This course, which has been preserved in the manuscript 38 , is interesting because, while presenting the material, the scientist began to shape the Ukrainian scientific terminology.
The In the 1930s new publications by A.Y. Krymsky appeared, and these were on the literatures and languages of Turkic peoples of the USSR 41 , which was largely determined by political and cultural processes that were happening in the Turkic regions and republics of the Soviet Union. In a letter to I.Y. Krachkovsky dated August 20, 1922, A.Y. Krymsky wrote: "When relations were restored in the early 1920s, at least between the regions of the USSR, I was forced by moral necessity to turn a significant force of my energy to the Turkic world, which I was able to have communication with." 42 It was in the 1930s that he wrote articles analyzing the history and current state of literature of the Turkic peoples of the USSR and Turkey. The reason for their writing was the need to help the young Soviet Turkic-speaking republics, which did not yet have enough educated academics capable of conducting such research independently. These articles are still relevant today, because they reflect their author's erudition and the profundity of his knowledge 43 .

DISCUSSION
The research of A.Y. Krymsky's academic heritage, whose integral and important part is his Turkic and Ottoman studies, continues. In the future it is important to publish all of his yet unpublished works and give a complete conceptual and historiographical analysis of A.Y. Krymsky's contribution to Oriental studies.

CONCLUSION
In the 19thearly 20th centuries the Academy of Sciences and the university centers played a key role in the changing of the status, structure and nature of Oriental studies, and a large contribution to this institutional and research process was made by representatives of the peoples of Russia and Europe -Tatars, Azerbaijani people, Jews, Georgians, Armenians, Polish people, French people, Germans, etc. The multi-ethnic nature of the Oriental studies in Russia is an important humanitarian, social and cultural tradition in this country's scholarly research of the historical and cultural legacy of the East. Of particular importance are also the search, preparation, and publication of A.Y. Krymsky's epistolary legacy, especially his correspondence with Russian orientalists of the 19thearly 20th centuries: V.R. Rosen, V.V. Bartold