@misc{10481/95731,
year = {2022},
month = {2},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/10481/95731},
abstract = {Arrows and gaze stimuli lead to opposite spatial congruency effects. While standard congruency effects are observed for
arrows (faster responses for congruent conditions), responses are faster when eye-gaze stimuli are presented on the opposite
side of the gazed-at location (incongruent trials), leading to a reversed congruency effect (RCE). Here, we explored the
effects of implicit vs. explicit processing of arrows and eye-gaze direction. Participants were required to identify the direction
(explicit task) or the colour (implicit task) of left or right looking/pointing gaze or arrows, presented to either the left or right
of the fixation point. When participants responded to the direction of stimuli, standard congruency effects for arrows and RCE
for eye-gaze stimuli were observed. However, when participants responded to the colour of stimuli, no congruency effects
were observed. These results suggest that it is necessary to explicitly pay attention to the direction of eye-gaze and arrows
for the congruency effect to occur. The same pattern of data was observed when participants responded either manually or
verbally, demonstrating that manual motor components are not responsible for the results observed. These findings are not
consistent with some hypotheses previously proposed to explain the RCE observed with eye-gaze stimuli and, therefore, call
for an alternative plausible hypothesis.},
organization = {Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness,
research projects PSI2017-88136-P to ABC and PSI2017-84926-P
and PID2020-114790GB-I00},
organization = {Andalusian Council
and European Regional Development Fund, through research project
B-SEJ-572-UGR20},
organization = {FPU predoctoral
fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport
(FPU16/05056)},
publisher = {SpringerLink},
keywords = {Arrows},
keywords = {Gaze},
keywords = {Implicit processing},
keywords = {Attentional orienting},
keywords = {Social attention},
title = {Explicit vs. implicit spatial processing in arrow vs. eye‑gaze spatial congruency effects},
doi = {10.1007/s00426-022-01659-x},
author = {Narganes Pineda, Cristina and Chica Martínez, Ana Belén and Lupiáñez Castillo, Juan and Marotta, Andrea},
}