@misc{10481/80745,
year = {2023},
month = {1},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/10481/80745},
abstract = {Body sodium (Na) levels must be maintained within a narrow range for the correct
functioning of the organism (Na homeostasis). Na disorders include not only elevated levels of this
solute (hypernatremia), as in diabetes insipidus, but also reduced levels (hyponatremia), as in cerebral
salt wasting syndrome. The balance in body Na levels therefore requires a delicate equilibrium to be
maintained between the ingestion and excretion of Na. Salt (NaCl) intake is processed by receptors in
the tongue and digestive system, which transmit the information to the nucleus of the solitary tract
via a neural pathway (chorda tympani/vagus nerves) and to circumventricular organs, including the
subfornical organ and area postrema, via a humoral pathway (blood/cerebrospinal fluid). Circuits
are formed that stimulate or inhibit homeostatic Na intake involving participation of the parabrachial
nucleus, pre-locus coeruleus, medial tuberomammillary nuclei, median eminence, paraventricular
and supraoptic nuclei, and other structures with reward properties such as the bed nucleus of
the stria terminalis, central amygdala, and ventral tegmental area. Finally, the kidney uses neural
signals (e.g., renal sympathetic nerves) and vascular (e.g., renal perfusion pressure) and humoral
(e.g., renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, cardiac natriuretic peptides, antidiuretic hormone, and
oxytocin) factors to promote Na excretion or retention and thereby maintain extracellular fluid
volume. All these intake and excretion processes are modulated by chemical messengers, many of
which (e.g., aldosterone, angiotensin II, and oxytocin) have effects that are coordinated at peripheral
and central level to ensure Na homeostasis.},
organization = {panish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness
grant number PSI2017-89324-C2-1-P},
organization = {University of Granada},
publisher = {MDPI},
keywords = {Sodium homeostasis},
keywords = {Hypernatremia},
keywords = {Hyponatremia},
keywords = {Taste},
keywords = {Salt intake},
keywords = {Kidney},
keywords = {Natriuresis},
keywords = {Excitatory and inhibitory circuits},
keywords = {Posterior hypothalamus},
title = {Sodium Homeostasis, a Balance Necessary for Life},
doi = {10.3390/nu15020395},
author = {Bernal Benítez, Antonio and Zafra Palma, María Ángeles and Simón Ferre, María José and Mahía Rodríguez, Javier},
}