@misc{10481/75717,
year = {2022},
month = {6},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10481/75717},
abstract = {Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental
disorder caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors
and is often thought as an entry point into a negative life trajectory, including risk for
comorbid disorders, poor educational achievement or low income. In the present study,
we aimed to clarify the causal relationship between ADHD and a comprehensive range
of related traits.
Methods: We used genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for
ADHD (n¼53 293) and 124 traits related to anthropometry, cognitive function and intelligence,
early life exposures, education and employment, lifestyle and environment, longevity,
neurological, and psychiatric and mental health or personality and psychosocial
factors available in the MR-Base database (16 067  n 766 345). To investigate their
causal relationship with ADHD, we used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) with
a range of sensitivity analyses, and validated MR findings using causal analysis using
summary effect estimates (CAUSE), aiming to avoid potential false-positive results.
Results: Our findings strengthen previous evidence of a causal effect of ADHD liability on
smoking and major depression, and are consistent with a causal effect on odds of decreased
average total household income [odds ratio (OR)¼0.966, 95% credible interval
(CrI)¼(0.954, 0.979)] and increased lifetime number of sexual partners [OR¼1.023, 95% CrI¼(1.013, 1.033)]. We also found evidence for a causal effect on ADHD for liability of
arm predicted mass and weight [OR¼1.452, 95% CrI¼(1.307, 1.614) and OR¼1.430,
95% CrI¼(1.326, 1.539), respectively] and time spent watching television [OR¼1.862,
95% CrI¼(1.545, 2.246)], and evidence for a bidirectional effect for age of first sexual intercourse
[beta¼ 0.058, 95% CrI¼( 0.072,  0.044) and OR¼0.413, 95% CrI¼(0.372,
0.457), respectively], odds of decreased age completed full-time education [OR¼0.972,
95% CrI¼(0.962, 0.981) and OR¼0.435, 95% CrI¼(0.356, 0.533), respectively] and years
of schooling [beta¼-0.036, 95% CrI¼( 0.048,  0.024) and OR¼0.458, 95% CrI¼(0.411,
0.511), respectively].
Conclusions: Our results may contribute to explain part of the widespread co-occurring
traits and comorbid disorders across the lifespan of individuals with ADHD and may
open new opportunities for developing preventive strategies for ADHD and for negative
ADHD trajectories.},
organization = {European Union H2020 Programme (H2020/2014-2020)	667302	
728018	
848228	
2020604},
organization = {Instituto de Salud Carlos III
European Commission	PI18/01788	
PI19/00721	
P19/01224	
PI20/00041	
FI18/00285	
CD15/00199	
CP09/00119	
CPII15/00023},
organization = {Pla estrategic de recerca i innovacio en salut (PERIS), Generalitat de Cata-lunya (METAL-Cat)	SLT006/17/287},
organization = {Agencia de Gestio D'Ajuts Universitaris de Recerca Agaur (AGAUR)},
organization = {Generalitat de Catalunya	2017SGR1461	
2016FI_B00899},
organization = {Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities	IJC2018-035346-I},
organization = {European Commission},
organization = {`la Marato' de TV3	092330/31},
organization = {ECNP Network `ADHD across the Lifespan'},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
keywords = {ADHD},
keywords = {Mendelian randomization},
keywords = {Causal analysis using summary effect estimates},
title = {Mendelian randomization analysis for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: studying a broad range of exposures and outcomes},
doi = {10.1093/ije/dyac128},
author = {Soler Artigas, María and Rovira, Paula},
}